1
\nAssociation for Protection of Aquatic Wildlife of Albania
\nEcological Association \u201cKalimera\u201d, Ulcinj, Montenegro
\nReport
\nON BIODIVERSITY OF RIVER BUNA
\nProf. Dr. Dhimit\u00ebr Dhora
\nMsD. Saimir Beqiraj
\nDipl. Biol. Dritan Dhora
\nPublication under implementation of the project
\n\u201cRestoration of regional fauna-forming role of transboundary River Buna\u201d.
\nFinanced by
\nRegional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe
\n(REC), Hungary.
\nTirana, February 2001
\n2
\nContents
\nIntroduction Page 2
\n1. Geographical characteristics 3
\n1.1 River Buna and its watershed 3
\n1.2 Water regimen 4
\n1.3 Population and economy 4
\n2. Generalizations on biodiversity 6
\n3. Vegetation 8
\n3.1 Phytoplankton 8
\n3.2 Macrophyt aquatic vegetation 8
\n3.3 Forest vegetation 9
\n4. Animals 10
\n4.1 Invertebrates 10
\n4.1.1 Mollusks 10
\n4.2 Vertebrates 11
\n4.2.1 Fish 11
\n4.2.2 Amphibians 13
\n4.2.3 Reptiles 13
\n4.2.4 Birds 14
\n4.2.5 Mammals 16
\n5. The most important habitats 17
\n5.1 Reserve of Velipoja 17
\n5.2 Franz Joseph Island 17
\n5.3 Ada Island 17
\n5.4 Marsh of Dom\u00ebn 18
\n5.5 Other habitats 18
\n6. Threats to biodiversity 19
\n6.1 Threatened species 19
\n6.2 Threatening factors 21
\n7. Bibliography 22
\n3
\nINTRODUCTION
\nThe report \u201cOn biodiversity of River Buna\u201d is published in the framework of
\nimplementation of the project \u201cRestoration of regional fauna-forming role of
\ntransboundary River Buna\u201d.
\nThis project is under implementation from the Association for Protection of Aquatic
\nWildlife of Albania, in collaboration with Ecological Association \u201cKalimera\u201d, Ulcinj,
\nMontenegro.
\nThis is the first publication of a report on biodiversity of the River Buna. For its
\npreparation are used different data from the literature, information from the consultants of
\nthis project based on the direct verification of the situation in the ecosystem, as well as
\ndata from other reports and materials on biodiversity in national level, realized in
\nprevious project of several institutions and organizations.
\nA considerable part of the data, discussions and conclusions are an original
\ncontribute of the authors themselves.
\nThis report will be useful for realization of different activities of the project, but
\nespecially for understanding the problematic, strategy, and duties for preservation of
\nnatural values of River Buna in general and its biodiversity in particular.
\nWe hope this report would be useful also for experts in their further studies of the
\nRiver Buna, for the schools of different levels to increase the knowledge on this river, as
\nwell for the institutions, organizations and associations in their most complex projects.
\nThis report will be distributed to the institutions, organizations and associations
\nwhich works in the field of biodiversity and environment and several libraries in Albania
\nand Montenegro.
\nWe acknowledge all who enable the realization of this report, especially the
\nconsultants Prof.Dr. Lefter Kashta, Dr. Taulant Bino, Islam La\u00e7aj, Hajrullah Shabani and
\nMaksud Haxhibrahimi.
\nAuthors
\nTirana, February 2001
\n4
\n1. GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
\n1.1 River Buna and its watershed
\nThe River Buna runs in the last south-west segment of the Albanian \u2013 Montenegrin
\nborder. This river springs from Lake of Skadar, quite close to the city of Skadar
\n(Shkoder), between the hill of \u201cRozafa\u201d Castle and Taraboshi Mountain. Buna is the only
\nemissary of the Skadar Lake.
\nFirst, Buna runs to the south, alongside Taraboshi, further it snakes toward west and
\nthen it takes again the south direction, up to its mouth in Adriatic Sea.
\nThe Albanian \u2013 Montenegrin border traverses the River Buna from village Samrish
\nin Albania and Gorica in Montenegro, continuing up to the river mouth.
\nThe river has a length of 44 km and flows along the fields of Bregu i Bun\u00ebs,
\nincluding the Field of Anamali on the right side of the river and both Field of Trushi and
\nField of Velipoja on the left. The fields of Bregu i Bun\u00ebs have a field Mediterranean
\nclimate, of 1600 \u2013 1800 mm rainfall per year and an average temperature of the air of 16
\n\u2013 18 \u00baC, with the minimal absolute extreme of 0 \u00baC up to \u2013 4 \u00baC.
\nBuna is the only river with a real natural delta in Albania. In its delta is created Ada
\nIsland, which divides the river in two branches flowing to the sea. Ada and the right
\nbranch belong to Montenegro. Franz Joseph Island and Unnamed Island, quite close to
\nAda, belong to Albania.
\nThe water of River Buna in its beginning comes from the Skadar Lake, whose water
\nis mostly provided from Mora\u00e7a River, running from Montenegro, but with a branch
\ncalled Cemi River, in Albania.
\nIn a distance of 1,3 km from its spring in Skadar Lake, Buna joints the River Drin,
\nwhich has a length of 285 km. The main branches of Drin are Shala River in Albanian
\nAlps, Valbona River in north-east of Albania, White Drin in Kosovo and Black Drin in
\nMacedonia. The last one springs from Ohrid Lake, which provides its water from Prespa
\nLake. In the last part of Drin is jointed the River Kir which flows from Dukagjini
\nhighland.
\nObviously, the River Buna takes water from a hydrographic net very complex,
\nwhich lies almost in the 1\/5 of Balkan Peninsula, in Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo,
\nMacedonia and Greece.
\nAlthough Buna is a typical field river, known as a partially navigable river, it
\ngathers waters from a very mountainous territory. The average altitude of this area is 909
\nm above see level.
\nA high number of streams runs from Anamali side to Buna, whose the longest is the
\nStream of Milla, at a length of 25 km, and the second is the Stream of Megjure\u00e7 at a
\nlength of 21,6 km. In Buna flows also the water from Lake of Shas in Montenegro,
\nthrough Vija e Sh\u00ebngjergjit.
\n5
\n1.2 Water regimen
\nThe water regimen of Buna River is defined from water regimen of Skadar Lake,
\nRiver Drin and Delta of Buna.
\nThe water regimen of Skadar Lake is related to the water balance of this lake and
\nthe changes of regimen of Buna itself in the joint place with Drin.
\nThe average depth of Skadar Lake varies from 4,39 m to 9,40 m. Buna takes water
\nfrom the lake at an average of 320 m3\/sec., but after joining with Drin the water capacity
\nbecomes 680 m3\/sec. When the water capacity is high, the water flowing from the lake is
\nblocked. In such cases, the lake reaches its maximal water capacity, meanwhile Buna get
\nout of its bed and floods the fields. This phenomenon was particularly problematic in the
\npast, when the maximal water capacity was over 7500 m3\/sec. After the construction of
\nhydroelectric stations on River Drin, the floods are obviously decreased.
\nThus, River Buna \u2013 Skadar Lake \u2013 River Drin, form a hydraulic joint very
\ninteresting, which defines the water regimen of one of the rivers with the biggest water
\ncapacity in Mediterranean.
\nWater regimen of delta is defined from the relation of water flow of Buna with
\ntalasographic parameters. One of these parameters, waving regimen, is related to the
\nwind. In general, in waving influence mostly the winds at e speed of 10 \u2013 20 m\/sec.,
\nwhich are more frequent and steady.
\nVariations of see level, as another parameter, is linked to some other indices such as
\nwater balance, tangential strength of the wind, phenomenon of tide etc.
\nThe average amplitude of daily variations of water level is 20 \u2013 30 cm.
\nSea currents are another factor and they vary at an average speed of 0,20 \u2013 0,30
\nm\/sec.
\nThe transport of sea and river sediments is another parameter which is known as
\nvery active. The seaside and River Buna are characterized by strong processes of
\naccumulation and abrasion.
\nBuna is a river with a slow flow, because inclination of water flow is small. The
\naverage of inclination is 1,2 m\/km. Big water capacity and soft consistence of the river
\nbed have been factors of the erosion. This process, more evident in the upstream of the
\nriver, has been the cause for creation of meanders. The main meanders are those of
\nSh\u00ebnrrok, Suka e Sh\u00ebn Levrenit, Oblika, Darragjat, Obot, Gorica, Rrushkull, Belaj,
\nFraskanjel, Sh\u00ebngjergj, Qurkaj and Re\u00e7.
\nBuna is a river with a small depth, especially in 12 km of the upstream where are
\nsome islands.
\n1.3 Population and economy
\nThe south-west edge of the city of Skadar, at over 140.000 inhabitants, reaches the
\nplace of Buna spring in Skadar Lake. This city, over two thousand years old, is known in
\nEurope for the navigation and commerce through Buna.
\nAlong Buna sides there are 20 villages with a total population of 15.000 inhabitants.
\nThis area was populated mostly after the XV century and especially after the XVII
\ncentury. But most intensively it was populated during the last five decades.
\n6
\nTraditional economy was based on agronomic and animal breeding products, such
\nas silk, cereals, olive oil, wine, honey, beeswax, fish, leather, wool etc., which have been
\ntransported through Buna toward European countries.
\nThese areas close to the town of Skadar and Ulcinj, have a civilized and cultured
\npopulation.
\nThese areas own irreplaceable natural values, which are an important factor for a
\nsustainable development.
\nNowadays the economy is still based on agricultural and animal breeding products,
\nwhose main products are cereals, potatoes, bean, different vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs,
\nfor its own necessities of the population, but also for trade within the country. Fishing is
\nnot much developed. Tourism is in its first steps, because of the lack of tradition and
\ninfrastructure.
\nLast years, a notable importance has the rousing of interest for using the river and
\nits sides for tourism, increasing the elaboration of agricultural and animal breeding
\nproducts, transport and communication between populations in two sides of Buna,
\nbelonging to two countries.
\n7
\n2. GENERALIZATIONS ON BIODIVERSITY
\n! The River Buna, as a short field river of Adriatic basin, has its living world.
\nHypersensitive water regimen, connection of Buna with a large and complex
\nhydrological net and its geographic position as well, are the main causes for the
\nimportant ecogeographical and especially faunistic role of this river in the peninsula
\nand continent.
\nThe most essential characteristic is the great number of consortiums. The most
\nprominent phenomenon is the biological migration. Considering all these factors, the
\nliving world of Buna takes manifold worthies.
\n! Buna is a field navigable river, with a big water capacity and nutrients. For
\nthis reason, phytoplankton, microfauna, zoobenthos, and macrophyt vegetation of the
\nriver sides are generally developed. Its ichthiofauna is predominated by the
\nCyprinidae family.
\nBuna is among rare rivers with a real natural delta in Adriatic. Big alluviums,
\nrich in nitrogen and phosphor, are the main cause for the abundance of phyto and
\nzooplankton, fish and crabs, in the brackish water of the river mouth.
\n! Macrophyt vegetation of Buna is concentrated mostly in the river sides before
\njoining Drin, in some water loops with relatively quiet water and also in the marshes
\nnear the delta. This kind of vegetation includes three group-associations of plants:
\nsubmerge, floating and emerge. Especially spread is the reed Phragmites australis.
\nThe most interesting areas of forest vegetation are in Reserve of Velipoja and
\nislands of Ada and Franz Joseph. These represent the remained areas of mixed and
\nspontaneous forests which have covered all the area in the past. The predominated
\nspecies belong to the genus Fraxinus, Quercus, Alnus, Ulmus, Cornus, Populus,
\nSalix, Tamarix.
\n! Buna, in general, has sandy\u2013silt shore. Alongside the river there are no
\nimportant springs or underground flowing waters. Because of these conditions, there
\nare not many ecological niches in Buna and it is not characterized as a river with a
\nhigh diversity of invertebrates, as we can assume, for example, for Skadar Lake.
\n! Buna is the only trunk and sea root of the complex hydrological net of the
\nSouth-West Balkan. This net includes Buna River, Lake of Skadar, Mora\u00e7a River in
\nMontenegro, Cemi River, Drini River and Kiri River in Albania, branch of White
\nDrin which comes from Kosovo, branch of Black Drin coming from Ohrid Lake and
\nthen the two lakes of Prespa in Albania, Macedonia and Greece, as well as many river
\nbranches, streams, artificial lakes, channels, marshes etc.
\n8
\nFor this reason, Buna is not characterized simply for its ichtic biodiversity, but
\nparticularly for its ichthiofauna-forming role. Through Buna pass 13 species and
\nsubspecies of migratory fish toward the sea. Through Buna passes also a part of fresh
\nwater fish which reproduce in Drin and its springs. Buna enables the communication of
\nSkadar Lake with all this net, including the other lakes mentioned above. This
\ncommunication explains the presence of elements of Ohrid and Prespa in Buna and
\nSkadar Lake, as well as the entry of new fish species from the north or east in this net.
\n! Buna, especially along its downstream, is accompanied by a water complex.
\nAmong them we mention the marshes in Velipoja Reserve, Murtemza, Dom\u00ebn, Shtoji
\ni Poshtem, Lake of Shas, waters of salt-mine of Ulcinj and many connecting channels
\nbetween them. Especially the sides of these waters are rich in trees, reedbeds, rushes
\nand large-leaf floating plants.
\nThese areas are very rich in wintering, nesting and migratotry waterfowls. The
\ntotal number of individuals of birds counted in Buna is about 8.000. But this water
\ncomplex can not be considered separated from Skadar Lake and other rivers connected to
\nthis. Furthermore, Buna is an interesting corridor through which communicates avifauna
\nof water complex of Buna downstream with that of Skadar Lake. The avifauna of this
\ncomplex communicates closely with that of coastal lagoons of Vilun, Kune, Vain and
\nfurther.
\nAll this area, not so large, has a bird capacity that can be considered as a
\nrecord in European scale, surpassing the Danube delta and qualified among the
\nrichest areas in Southern and Eastern Europe.
\nThese waters are also an important station in one of the migratory roads for
\nthe birds of Europe, the road which passes over Balkan.
\nBuna with its water complex, represents a rare case in Europe for bird
\nbiodiversity, high dynamic and high generative potential. Its important fauna-forming
\nrole is expressed clearly in massive migration and bird nesting.
\n! Buna, despite the lack of its own endemisms, is a reserve for other endemic
\nspecies and subspecies of larger areals. Among them we mention the endemic plants
\nQuercus robur scutariensis and Trapa longicarpa scutariense (= Trapa natans), the
\nfish Pachychilon pictum and several others coming from Ohrid and Prespa lakes, as
\nwell as three endemic frogs of Balkan and several terrestrial reptiles.
\n! Genetic diversity of Buna River is not satisfactory studied. In some groups of
\nanimals, such as Amphipoda, Mollusca, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia etc., there is a
\nconsiderable number of subspecies and forms, as an evidence of polymorphism
\nwithin populations, hybrid forms etc. These are examples of genetic diversity and
\nevolutionary developments through natural selection.
\n9
\n3. VEGETATION
\n3.1 Phytoplankton
\nThe River Buna has an abundant water mass, quiet flow and water rich in nutrients.
\nFor this reason, its plankton is very richer compared to many rivers in the region.
\nIn Buna we distinguish the two extreme segments characterized by a higher
\nphytoplanktonic diversity. The part of outflow from Skadar Lake has a superficial slow
\nflow. Its marshy sides are full in aquatic vegetation submerse or floating leaves. Right on
\nthe leaves of these plants is found the most part of phytoplanktonic species, meanwhile a
\nvery few species are found in flowing water in the middle part of the river.
\nThe main groups of phytoplankton are Chlorophyta, where predominates
\nPediastrum, Diatome, presented mostly by Cyclotella and Synedra, Cyanophyta, with
\npredomination of Microcystis and Merismopedia. In the eutrophic river sides and
\nmarshes, during hot season, is found an abundance of Oshillatoria and Navicula.
\nIn the last part of the river, in the delta, where the alluviums are higher, is found
\nalso a rich phytoplankton. Here, both phytoplankton and zooplankton compose the basic
\nlevel for the whole food web of the estuary.
\n3.2 Macrophyt aquatic vegetation
\nThe associations of aquatic plants of Buna River can be divided in three groups.
\nThe group of submerse macrophytes includes mainly species of the genus Potamogeton,
\nMyriophyllum, Najas, Vallisneria etc. These are plant associations found deeper in the
\nwater, most abundant in the upstream of Buna.
\nThe other group includes macrophytes with floating leaves. In these associations are
\npresent Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans and Nymphoides peltata. These
\nassociations are in shallower water, in the upstream of Buna, Marsh of Dom\u00ebn, Reserve
\nof Velipoja and some channels connected to Buna.
\nThe third group includes helofitic plants, half-submerse, with roots and a part of the
\nstalk into the water, but the most part is out of the water. Among the main plants of this
\ngroup are Phragmites australis, Typha etc. These plants are abundant along Buna sides,
\nespecially in the marshy areas.
\nOften, along Buna fields are present associations of Phragmites, Alisma, and
\nSchoenoplechtus. Among them are found also small areas with Nuphar luteum and
\nNymphoides peltata. In deeper water there are submerse plants of Ceratophyllum,
\nMyriophyllum, Potamogeton etc.
\nIn the small summer ponds along Buna sides, there are associations of floating
\nplants of the genus Lemna (L. minor and L. gibba) and Spirodella.
\nVery interesting are the associations of Trapa natans in the part of the river near its
\noutflow from Skadar Lake, below \u201cRozafa\u201d Castle. This plant predominates in a
\nconsiderable area, accompanied by Spirodella polyrhiza, Lemna minor and
\n10
\nCeratophyllum. Rare in these areas is present also Nuphar luteum and Polygonum
\namphibium.
\nIn a small island there is an association of Leucojum aestivum, which is one of the
\nmost typical associations of this species in Albania.
\nAlong Buna flow, behind the joint with Drin, macrophyt aquatic vegetation is
\npoorer. The most present species in this part are Potamogeton nodosus, Potamogeton
\npectinatus, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Groenlandia densa etc. Meanwhile, in water loops
\nare present other species of genus Phragmites, Butomus, Potamogeton, and Vallisneria.
\nAlso in outfall of the river there is a dense association of helofits, especially with
\nPhragmites, Typha and in some places also Vallisneria spiralis, Potamogeton crispus,
\nGroenlandia densa, Myriophyllum, as well as a dense bed of Charophyceae.
\n3.3 Forest vegetation
\nThe considerations for the forest vegetation of Buna River are spare. Since several
\ndecades, the forest areas along river sides are diminished.
\nIn general, we think that along Buna sides exists a surface at about 20 ha forest
\ntrees. In many places, this surface is also damaged, but it figures coppice or new sowed.
\nThis area consists mostly of Salix and less of Robinia, Populus and much less of
\nTamarix.
\nReal forest, relatively protected, we find in the small island in Bah\u00e7allek, Velipoja
\nReserve, Franz Joseph Island, Ada Island and less in Sh\u00ebnkoll and Re\u00e7-Sutjel.
\nIn general in these areas we find different species of Salix and Populus, Fraxinus
\nexcelsior, Fraxinus angustifolia, Quercus robur, Alnus glutinosa, Ulmus campestris,
\nCornus sanguinea, Cornus mas, Tamarix parviflora and many other cultivated trees, such
\nas Populus, Pinus, Robinia etc.
\nReserve of Velipoja is an important forest area in Buna sides. This reserve, at a
\nsurface 170 ha, is already stabilized. Within the reserve there are areas of mixed forest,
\nvirgin and spontaneous, very interesting, which consist mostly of Ulmus and Fraxinus,
\nbut also of Populus and Pinus planted along the routes of the reserve and seaside. In the
\nmarshes of this reserve predominates Tamarix.
\nThe Island of Bah\u00e7allek, too, created from the alluviums of Buna and Drin, is very
\ninteresting. It is covered by a willowy area, compound of five species: Salix treandra,
\nSalix pentandra, Salix alba, Salix purpurea, Salix fragilis.
\nA bit far from Buna, on the hills of Anamali and Kraja in the one side and Maja e
\nZez\u00eb above Viluni on the other one, there are some other nice forest areas predominated
\nby Quercus trojana, Fraxinus ornis and Carpinus orientalis.
\n11
\n4. ANIMALS
\n4.1 INVERTEBRATES (INVERTEBRATA)
\nExcept mollusks, the invertebrates of River Buna are not studied neither in
\ntaxonomical aspect nor biological aspect in general. The studies are partial, mostly of
\npractical and ecological character.
\nBuna River, in general, has soft consistence sides, sandy and silty. It is not
\nconsidered as a river with a high number of ecological niches. Fauna of invertebrates, as
\nan ecological indicator, characterizes better this river. Its specializations in Buna River
\nare minimal.
\nZooplankton, like in Skadar Lake, consists mostly of different groups of Protozoa,
\nRotatoria and Entomostraca.
\nThe richest is microfauna of marshy sides and ponds close to the river.
\nThe zoobenthos of the river is compound mostly of groups of Oligochaeta,
\nMollusca, Crustacea and Insecta.
\nAmong Malacostraca, the most common are Palaemonetes and Atyaphyra which
\nlive in places with vegetation, and Astacus in cool water.
\nZoobenthic enthomofauna is presented by larvae of the orders Ephemeroptera,
\nPlecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera. Especially in running water is found Chinotanypus
\nnervosus, meanwhile in still water in eutrophic sides, in mud, is found also Chironomus
\nplumosus.
\n4.1.1 Mollusks (Mollusca)
\nThe mollusks of Buna River belong to several groups. Prosobranchs of the genus
\nTheodoxus, Viviparus, Valvata, Bithynia, Holandriana and any other species of other
\ngroups, such as Dreissena blanci, Planorbis, Stagnicola etj., are found often among
\nsubmerse macrophytes. In the water of marshes and ponds of Buna, the most common are
\nViviparus mamillatus, Planorbarius corneus, Lymnaea stagnalis, Stagnicola palustris,
\nRadix auricularia etc. In the shallow water with a little vegetation, more often are found
\nRadix ovata, Galba truncatula, Physella acuta, Planorbis planorbis etc. Bivalves of the
\nfamily Unionidae are found mostly in soft sandy-silty sides and in the marshes.
\nTheodoxus fluviatilis and Dreissena blanci are found also caught on hard objects in water
\nor rocks.
\nMain mollusks of the River Buna
\nTheodoxus fluviatilis Lymnaea stagnalis
\nViviparus mamillatus Stagnicola palustris
\nValvata piscinalis Radix ovata
\nBithynia tentaculata Radix auricularia
\nHolandriana holandrii Unio crassus
\nPhysella acuta Unio elongatulus
\n12
\nPlanorbis planorbis Anodonta cygnaea
\nPlanorbarius corneus Microcondylaea compressa
\nGalba truncatula Dreissena blanci
\nIt is important to stress the fact that three species Unio crassus, Unio elongatus and
\nMicrocondylaea compressa are considered as globally threatened species.
\nThe estuary of Buna is also rich in mollusks. Particularly the malacofauna of the
\nestuary is predominated by bivalves, what is a result of the abundance of phytoplankton
\nin this part.
\n4.2 VERTEBRATES (VERTEBRATA)
\n4.2.1 Fish (Pisces)
\nIt is a rare example for the geographical Mediterranean subregion, but also in global
\nscale, that a field river, quite short, in the mean-warm climatic belt, has a so rich
\nichthiofauna.
\nBuna is an ideal case which connects not only the waters, but especially the
\nichthiofaunas of some ecosystems of regional importance.
\nBuna is a premise for the existence of a complex of ecogeographical consortiums,
\nplaying different roles for ichthiofauna-forming in larger aquatic areas.
\nThrough Buna pass from Skadar Lake to the Adriatic Sea and vice-versa 13 species
\nand subspecies of migratory fish. This is an intensive biological migration realized by big
\npopulations of these species, mainly in spring and autumn, toward fresh water and
\nespecially Skadar Lake.
\nAmong them, we distinguish the sturgeon Acipenser sturio, which is a globally
\nthreatened species.
\nAlso Platichthys flesus luscus is a sea fish, migrating to Skadar Lake, whose
\npopulation decreases more and more, because of the difficulties to enter in Buna, caused
\nby the alluvium blockage of the downstream and also by fishing beyond criterions. This
\nspecies is actually a threatened species for the River Buna and Skadar Lake.
\nThe most important migratory fish are: Alosa falax nilotica, Anguilla anguilla,
\nDicentrarchus labrax, Mugil cephalus and Liza ramada. These species has an
\neconomical importance, too, as they are among the most preferred by trade. Fishing
\nbeyond criterions, especially with a high number of weirs and other barriers, or with
\nexterminating means became threatening factors for fish, especially for its migration and
\nreproduction.
\nAdriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) is found in small amount, up to Buna
\nupstream and sometimes in Skadar Lake, too. According to literature, starry sturgeon
\n(Acipenser stellatus) is also found in Skadar Lake, what proves its presence in Buna, too.
\nThe lampreys, especially river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and sea lamprey
\n(Petromyzon marinus) pass through Buna to Skadar Lake. In the fish lists of Skadar Lake
\nfigures also Lampetra planeri, what proves the presence of this species in Buna, too, as it
\nmigrates to the sea, like other lampreys mentioned above.
\nIn the literature is written that in Montenegrin part of the lake is found Citharus
\nlinguatula. This is a doubtful case, because this species is known as a marine one.
\n13
\nList of migratory fish of River Buna
\nLampetra fluviatilis Anguilla anguilla
\nLampetra planeri Dicentrarchus labrax
\nPetromyzon marinus Mugil cephalus
\nAcipenser sturio Liza ramada
\nAcipenser naccarii Platichthys flesus luscus
\nAcipenser stellatus Citharus linguatula (?)
\nAlosa falax nilotica
\nAnother group, with at least 30 species of fresh water fish, populates Buna River.
\nAlmost all these species are found also in Skadar Lake.
\nThe separating margins between the river and lake can not be easily defined. This is
\nclearly evident if we compare the ecological conditions of intermediate part between
\nthem. A reflex of this, is also the same consistence of their ichthiofauna, at least in
\nparticular segments. Almost 70% of the species of the river belong to cyprinids (Family
\nCyprinidae). This fact shows the subtropical lake character of the ichthiofauna of Buna
\nRiver. Among the most important fish we mention the carp (Cyprinus carpio) as the most
\ncharacteristic fish of Skadar, Carassius auratus gibelio imported from Asia to the lake,
\nthree decades ago, which already occupied many European waters, Alburnus alburnus
\nalborella, Scardinus erythrophthalmus scardafa, Leuciscus cephalus albus, Perca
\nfluviatilis entered in Buna through Drin. The River Buna is the most southern part of
\ndistribution of this last species in our geographical longitude.
\nA particular interests has also Pachychilon pictum, as a local endemic species.
\nIn Buna, there are also fish species entered through Drin from Ohrid and Prespa
\nlakes, such as Barbus meridionalis petenyi, Alburnoides bipunctatus ohridanus,
\nChondrostoma nasus ohridanus, Rutilus rubilio rubilio, Rutilus prespensis vukovici,
\nGobitis taenia ohridana etc.
\nAnother interesting group of fish of Buna is that of marine species found in the
\noutfall of the river. Buna unloads a huge amount of alluviums in its outfall. Substances
\nrich in nitrogen and phosphor, brought from Drin and Buna, characterize the estuary of
\nBuna as the most productive estuary in Adriatic. This is the reason of fish abundance,
\nabout 50 species, in the river mouth.
\nFrom this group we can mention especially the fish of big measures, such as Lichia
\namia, Thunnus thynnus thynnus, Argyrosomus regius etc.
\nSome other species in the estuary of Buna are:
\nEngraulis encrasicholus Lithognathus mormyrus
\nAphanius fasciatus Symphodus cinereus
\nSyngnathus tenuirostris Gobius niger
\nSciaena umbra Atherina hepsetus
\nUmbrina cirrosa Solea vulgaris
\nDiplodus sargus sargus
\n14
\nConsidering what we wrote above, the number of fish species counted in Buna and
\nwaters connected to it, reaches almost 100. Nevertheless, this number is still relative. The
\nwater brought from Buna affects a large sea area. High diversity and abundance of fish in
\nBuna outfall has drawn the attention of fishermen of Sh\u00ebngjin for a long time, who have
\nas a priority the itinerary toward Buna mouth.
\nWhen we evaluate the ichthiofauna of Buna River, we should consider also the
\ninteresting ichthiofauna of the waters connected to Buna. Interesting ichthiofauna is
\npresent in Lagoon of Viluni, Lake of Shas, Porta Milena, Marsh of Dom\u00ebn, Murtemza
\netc.
\nSummarizing, we can say that the hydrological complex of Buna River holds one of
\nthe most interesting fish resources in Adriatic, Balkan and very considered in all the
\nMediterranean.
\n4.2.2 Amphibians (Amphibia)
\nBuna River with marshes, ponds and channels nearby, are suitable habitats for the
\namphibian fauna. This field area is characterized by an abundance of amphibians. The
\nmost predominant species are Bufo viridis, Rana lessonae and Rana balcanica.
\nSince this area communicates with other large areas surrounding, amphibian fauna
\nof Buna has the characteristics of a faunistic diversity of a very large field area.
\nThe list of amphibians of Buna is compound of 11 species, but the expected number
\nmight be higher. Here are included 3 species of tailed amphibian (Caudata) and 8 tailless
\nspecies of them (Anura).
\nA special importance of a biogeographical character has the presence of the four
\nexamples of endemisms. Rana balcanica and Rana graeca are endemic species of
\nBalkan. Bombina variegata scabra is an endemic subspecies of Balkan, living in southern
\npart of the peninsula. Triturus vulgaris graecus is a subendemic subspecies of Balkan.
\nList of amphibians of Buna
\nSalamandra salamandra Hyla arborea
\nTriturus cristatus Rana dalmatina
\nTriturus vulgaris Rana graeca
\nBombina variegata Rana lessonae
\nBufo bufo Rana balcanica
\nBufo viridis
\n4.2.3 Reptilians (Reptilia)
\nUp to now, in the water of Buna are found three species of reptilians: Emys
\norbicularis, Natrix natrix persa and Natrix tessellata. These species are common also for
\nthe waters along Buna sides. These are important species with a large distribution. The
\nfirst two species are found almost in the entire Europe, and the third one in south-east of
\nthe continent.
\nThe most part of reptilians of Buna area are terrestrial. This group plays an
\nimportant role in many ecological components, in food web of different ecosystems and
\nspecies, in the qualities of populations and relations between species of other
\ncommunities.
\n15
\nThe studies show that in Buna watershed are found 18 reptilian species, whose the
\nbiggest number of individuals belongs to the genus Lacerta, Elaphe and Coluber. This
\ndiversity is conditioned by the hot summer temperatures, diversity of habitats, structural
\nformations of the ground, vegetation which shelters them and their plenty food.
\nThis fauna has high scientific worth, what is evident when the evaluations are made
\nin a larger taxonomical and zoogeographical aspect.
\nThis area is an important reserve for the endemic values of Balkan. Podarcis
\nmuralis albanica is a subendemic form of Balkan. Telescopus fallax fallax is an endemic
\nspecies of Balkan. Elaphe quatuorlineata quatuorlineata is a subendemic subspecies of
\nBalkan. Elaphe situla is also a subendemism of Balkan.
\nAlso for the viper Vipera ammodytes are defined two subspecies which are endemic
\nfor Balkan: Vipera ammodytes illyrica and the most spread one Vipera ammodytes
\nmeridionalis.
\nColuber najadum dahli represents a subspecies of Coluber najadum which is
\nendemic for Balkan.
\nList of reptilians of Buna area
\nTestudo hermanni Elaphe quatuorlineata
\nEmys orbicularis Elaphe situla
\nLacerta viridis Elaphe longissima
\nPodarcis taurica Coluber caspius
\nPodarcis muralis Coluber gemonensis
\nAnguis fragilis Coluber najadum
\nOphisaurus apodus Natrix natrix
\nMalpolon monspessulanus Natrix tessellata
\nTelescopus fallax Vipera ammodytes
\n4.2.4 Birds (Aves)
\nIt is indispensable to examine the situation of avifauna of Buna taking into
\nconsideration all the waters connected to the river and the vegetation where avifauna
\nnests and takes shelter.
\nAlong Buna sides there is a forest belt, which is an important habitat for birds.
\nEspecially in its last part, Buna is accompanied by a water complex, among which it is
\nworthy to stress the marshes of Velipoja Reserve, Murtemza, Dom\u00ebn, Shtoj i Posht\u00ebm,
\nLake of Shas, salt-mine of Ulcinj and many connecting channels. The sides of these
\nwaters are rich in trees, reedbeds, rushes and large-leaf floating plants. These habitats are
\nvery rich in wintering, nesting and migratory waterfowl. The total number of individuals
\nof bird counted in winter aspect in river sides is 8.000. But these area should be
\nconsidered much larger. In Velipoja, quite close to Buna, are counted 5.000 individuals
\nof birds. In its other extreme, Buna is connected to Skadar Lake. Buna is an interesting
\ncorridor through which communicates the avifauna of the water complex of last part of
\nBuna with the avifauna of Skadar Lake.
\nThis lake has a big capacity of birds. In its Albanian part are counted about 24.000
\nindividuals and in its Montengerin part 224.000 individuals of birds.
\n16
\nThus, the total number of individuals of birds in all the area connected to Buna,
\nreaches about 261.000. This is the area with the biggest bird capacity in Southern and
\nEastern Europe, ranged after Anholt and Meadle Kattegat (Denmark) and Boden See
\n(Germany), in European scale.
\nThe avifauna of this area communicates closely with that of Kune-Vain and also
\nwith many waters connected to the River Drin.
\nIn the river sides and the waters quite close to it, are counted about 170 bird species.
\nThe half of this number belongs to Passeriformes, then, the highest species number
\nbelongs to Falconiformes and Anseriformes.
\nIn the wetland area of Buna are counted over 50 species of waterbirds. Among
\nthem, at the highest number of individuals result:
\nTachybaptus ruficollis Aythya ferina
\nPhalacrocorax pygmaeus Bucephala clangula
\nAnas penelope Fulica atra
\nAnas platyrhynchos Vanellus vanellus
\nAnas clypeata Larus ridibundus
\nAnas crecca
\nReferring to the counting of the years 1993 and 1995 in the Albanian part of the
\nriver, results that some bird species, despite their low number of individuals, represent an
\nimportance of regional scale. For example, 19 individuals of Larus miutus counted in
\nBuna are 11% of the total number of this species in all Mediterranean. Buna is the only
\nfound location of this species in Albania.
\nAlso, 51 individuals of Sterna sandvicensis are 4,2% of the total number of this
\nspecies in Mediterranean and 85% in Albania.
\nFor other species, such as Anas penelope, Anas clypeata, Bucephala clangula and
\nPhalacrocorax pygmeus, comparing the small area of Buna sides with the total
\ndistribution area of these species, we can say that the individuals counted in Buna have a
\npercentage which is of interest in global or regional scale.
\nOver 76% of species of Buna are migratory. This area has an important
\nbiogeographical position. It is an important station in one of the three migratory roads of
\nthe birds of Europe, the road passing over Balkan.
\nAbout 29% of bird species of Buna are nesting species. Formerly, this area was
\nmuch more interesting than now in the aspect of bird nesting, because the damages and
\ndegradations of habitats have obviously decreased this phenomenon. Nesting of many
\nspecies, such as Egretta garzetta, Ardea cinerea, Platalea leucorodia, Phalacrocorax
\ncarbo, Phalacrocorax pygmeus and many species of Charadriformes is very doubtful in
\nthe Albanian part. Meanwhile, in Montenegrin part in Lake Shas, Shtoj and salt-mine,
\nthese species nest intensively, but the threatening factors are present there, too.
\nNearly the half of waterbird species of Buna are included in the lists of endangered
\nbirds. Among them, Aythya nyroca and Phalacrocorax pygmeus are globally threatened
\nspecies.
\nBuna with the water complex connected to it, represents a rare case in Europe for
\nbird biodiversity values, high dynamic and high generative potential.
\n17
\n4.2.5 Mammals (Mammalia)
\nOtter (Lutra lutra) is a rare mammal of Buna River. This globally threatened
\nspecies, has been found several times last decades in Buna.
\nIn the two sides of the river, as terrestrial mammals are found Lepus capensis,
\nVulpes vulpes, Canis aureus, Meles meles, Mustela nivalis, Sus scrofa and some species
\nof rats and bats.
\n18
\n5. THE MOST IMPORTANT HABITATS
\n5.1 Rezerve of Velipoja
\nReserve of Velipoja is situated in the edge between delta of Buna and Adriatic Sea,
\nin Albania.
\nIn the reserve there are four shallow marshes. The most part of planty surface of the
\nwater is covered by the associations of Phragmites and Typha. In deeper water are found
\nalso associations of Nymphaea.
\nWater of the reserve shelters the endangered plants Baldelia ranunculoides,
\nHydrocharis morsus- ranae and Utricularia vulgaris.
\nThe most prominent characteristic of vegetation of this reserve is the forest. All
\nover reserve there are areas of Tamarix and different bushes.
\nIn the part of the reserve near Buna, there is a mixed and dense forest of Alnus,
\nUlmus, Cornus, Fraxinus etc.
\nThe reserve owns a high richness of birds, where the most abundant are the genus
\nAythya, Anas, Fulica, Podiceps, Phalacrocorax, Egretta etc.
\n5.2 Franz Joseph Island
\nThis is a sandy island in the Albanian part of delta of Buna, at variable shape and
\nsize, at surface about 4,5 ha. Last years its surface is diminishing because of the erosion.
\nAmong aquatic macrophytes predominate the helofits Phragmites, Typha, Iris
\npseudocorus, Alisma plantago aquatica.
\nThe island is covered by a forest vegetation predominated mainly by Populus and
\nAlnus.
\nIn the island live and nest different wetland birds, but because of the damages, noise
\nand human presence, the colony of herons and cormorants has left the island and has
\nmoved in suitable habitats in the Montenegrin part.
\n5.3 Ada Island
\nAda is an island at a surface about 4 km2, in the delta of Buna in Montenegrin part.
\nThis island has some small marshes, whose vegetation is predominated by the
\nassociations of Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, family Juncaceae and
\nCyperaceae, as well as species of the genus Iris and Alisma.
\nThe most interesting forest vegetation consists of Fraxinus and Alnus. In this island
\nthere are also Pinus, Populus and other decorative trees.
\nAmong the most abundant birds in the island are Tachybaptus ruficollis, Aythya
\nferina, Fulica atra, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Ardea cinerea, Egretta garzetta, Egretta
\nalba etc.
\nAda is a touristic place, where is invested in infrastructure, in the framework of the
\ntourism development in the district of Ulcinj.
\n19
\n5.4 Marsh of Dom\u00ebn
\nIn this marsh 60% of the surface is predominated by the associations of Phragmites
\naustralis and Typha angustifoilia. The main accompanying species are Sparganium
\nerectum, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum,
\nUtricularia vulgaris etc.
\nHere are present endangered and rare species for Albania, such as Sagittaria
\nsagittifolia, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Lemna trisulcata, Spirodella polyrhiza,
\nNymphaea alba, and in the channels near this marsh is spread the association of Trapa
\nnatans.
\nIn the shallower water of the marsh are found different species of Charophyceae.
\nThe Marsh of Dom\u00ebn has not forest vegetation.
\nThe most common birds of the marsh are Tachybaptus ruficollis, Phalacrocorax
\npygmeus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Gallinago gallinago, and Larus ridibundus. In
\nthe reedbeds are sheltered many paseriforms and falconiforms, where the most abundant
\nare those of genus Circus.
\n5.5 Other habitats
\nAlong Buna sides, especially along its downstream, there are some other smaller
\nbut important areas in the aspect of natural values.
\nIsland of Bah\u00e7allek situates near the village with the same name and it is known
\nfor its exuberant forest vegetation, compound of many species of Salix.
\nMarsh of Murtemza in the past has represented a system of marshes, well-known
\nfor fish, ducks and nice vegetation, especially with Nymphaea alba and Phragmites
\naustralis. From this system has remained only one marsh, which can be still considered
\nas a small lake with an interesting biodiversity.
\nLake of Shas which is connected to Buna through a channel, in the aspect of
\nbiodiversity values can be considered as a Skadar Lake in miniature and relatively
\nprotected.
\nWaters of Shtoji i Posht\u00ebm occupy an area situated close to Buna and sea, which
\nhas a forest predominated by Tamarix, different and rare helofit plants and a rich wetland
\nornithofauna.
\nSalt-mine of Ulcinj, although distanced from Buna, is connected to fresh water
\nwhich communicates with Buna. It is important to stress that the ornithofauna of this saltmine
\ncommunicates with the faunas of all wetland areas of Buna and waters connected to
\nthis river.
\nThis salt-mine is a very suitable nesting place for many bird species, some of them
\nendangered.
\nLagoon of Viluni is a considerable lagoon, which takes water from the marshes of
\nBuna. This lagoon is known for its abundance of fish (Anguilla, Mugil, Dicentrarcus etc)
\nand birds, especially Anas, Fulica and Larus.
\n20
\n6. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
\n6.1 THREATENED SPECIES
\nIn the following list are included endangered aquatic species. The threat status of
\neach species is shown by indexes, according to IUCN categories: E (endangered), V
\n(vulnerable), R (rare), I (undetermined), K (insufficiently known).
\nList of the threatened species
\nPhyta
\nTrapa natans R Hydrocotyle vulgaris R
\nNymphoides peltata R Hydrocharis morsus-ranae R
\nSagittaria sagittifolia R Lemna trisulcata R
\nGroenlandia densa R Spirodella polyrhiza R
\nPotamogeton gramineus R Vallisneria spiralis R
\nMarsilea quadrifolia R Quercus robur E
\nBaldelia ranunculoides R
\nMollusca
\nTheodoxus fluviatilis K Unio elongatus R
\nHolandriana holandrii K Unio crassus R
\nMicrocondylaeae compressa R Dreissena blanci K
\nPisces
\nPetromyzon marinus V Nemacheilus barbatus sturanyi R
\nAcipenser sturio E Gasterosteus aculeatus R
\nAcipenser naccarii E Dicentrarchus labrax V
\nAcipenser stellatus E Blennius fluviatilis R
\nBarbus meridionalis petenyi R Platichthys flessus luscus E
\nBarbus meridionalis rebeli R Rutilus prespensis vukovici R
\nGobio gobio lepidolaemus R Pachychilon pictum R
\nGobitis taenia ohridana R
\n21
\nAmphibia
\nSalamandra salamandra R Hyla arborea K
\nTriturus vulgaris R Rana dalmatina R
\nTriturus cristatus R Rana graeca K
\nBombina variegata R Rana lessonae V
\nBufo bufo K Rana balcanica V
\nBufo viridis K
\nReptilia
\nEmys orbicularis R
\nNatrix natrix V
\nNatrix tessellata V
\nAves
\nGavia stellata R Aythya nyroca E
\nGavia arctica R Aythya marila E
\nPhalacrocorax carbo K Haematopus ostralegus R
\nPhalacrocorax pygmeus V Burhinus oedicnemus E
\nBotarurus stellaris V Himantopus himantopus E
\nIxobrychus minutus K Recurvirostra avosetta E
\nNycticorax nycticorax K Glareola pratincola R
\nArdeolla ralloides K Pluvialis squatarola R
\nEgretta garzetta V Calidris alba R
\nEgretta alba V Calidris alpina R
\nPlatalea leucorodia K Numenius arquata R
\nPlegadis falcinellus K Tringa totanus I
\nCygnus olor E Larus minutus K
\nAnas albifrons V Larus melanocephala K
\nAnser anser V Sterna sandvicensis K
\nNetta ruffina R
\nMammalia
\nLutra lutra E
\n22
\n6.2 THREATENING FACTORS
\nChanges of water regimen
\nOften the alluviums fill up the last part of Buna, creating a serious obstacle for the
\nnormal fish migration of Buna itself and Skadar Lake toward Adriatic Sea and vice-versa.
\nOther changes of the water regimen, because of the eventual impact for construction
\nof hydroelectric station, deepening of the river for navigation etc., could have their effects
\non the wildlife of the river and entire area.
\nChange of water regimen of the marshes, especially their draining, would lead to a
\nmassive disappearance of birds.
\nDischarge of polluting materials
\nThe sewage of Skadar town pours directly to Drin River, quite close to its joint with
\nBuna and this is the main cause for the pollution of Buna. This is not only a pollution
\nthrough trophic substances, but in the same time it is a considerable pollution through
\ndetergents and other chemical materials discharged in the system of canalization of the
\ntown. These polluting substances harm the food web of the ecosystem and other
\necological components.
\nDeforestation
\nDamage of forest vegetation, mainly along river sides, is a very dangerous factor for
\nthe relevant area. Because of deforestation, the erosion is obviously increased, there is a
\nhuge decline of bird quantity and nesting, the agroecosystems are degraded and the lack
\nof their purificative and curative role is evident.
\nDamage of the reedbeds should be also considered as a degradation of the main
\nhabitats of birds.
\nConstructions out of criterions
\nCommercial and touristic constructions close to the river sides, but also those all
\naround the wetland area, have a hard negative effect in the degradation of the ecosystem.
\nThis constructions increase the human presence, pollution of water and river sides,
\nabusive using of cars and other transport means through the ecosystem etc.
\nIllegal fishing and hunting
\nFishing beyond criterions, especially with exterminating means, causes a quick
\ndecline of fish population. A serious danger are also the weirs built in many parts of the
\nriver, which function out of biological criterion of fish migration.
\nA huge damage is also caused by fishing with electricity and explosion.
\nHunting of birds is undisciplined, too. Many people own hunting guns and use them
\nout of criterions. Hunting occurs constantly even in the prohibited season.
\n23
\n7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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\n24
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\nVangjeli, J., Ruci, B. & Mullaj, A. (1995): Libri i kuq. Bim\u00ebt e k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuara dhe t\u00eb rralla t\u00eb
\nShqip\u00ebris\u00eb. Tiran\u00eb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1 Association for Protection of Aquatic Wildlife of Albania Ecological Association \u201cKalimera\u201d, Ulcinj, Montenegro Report ON BIODIVERSITY OF RIVER BUNA Prof. Dr. Dhimit\u00ebr Dhora MsD. Saimir Beqiraj Dipl. Biol. Dritan Dhora Publication under implementation of the project \u201cRestoration of regional fauna-forming role of transboundary River Buna\u201d. Financed by Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\n