\u0002\u0003\u0004\u0005\u0006\u0007\b\u0006\u0005 \u0002
\n\u0004
\n\u0004\f\u0007
\n\u0006
\n\u0004\u0007\b\u000e\u000f\u0010\u0011\f\u0007\u0012\u000e\u0004\u0010\u0003\u0007\b\u000e\u0013
\n\u0011\u0014\u0015\u0016\f\u0007 \u000e\u0004\u0006\u0015\u0017\u0007\b\u000f\u0018\u0017
\n\u0015\u0012
\n\u0004\u0019\u0014\u000e\u000f\u0003\u0002\u001a
\nManagement Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable
\nUse of the Natural Values of the Privately Owned
\nNature Park \u201cSolana Ulcinj\u201d, Montenegro
\nLandesmuseum Joanneum
\nZoologie
\nBorut STUMBERGER, Peter SACKL, Darko SAVELJI\u0002, Martin SCHNEIDER-JACOBY
\nManagement Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of the
\nNatural Values of the Privately Owned Nature Park \u201cSolana Ulcinj\u201d,
\nMontenegro
\nMarch 2007
\nReprinted from: Joannea-Zoologie 10, 2008
\nPublished by
\nEuroNatur \u2013 Stiftung Europ\u00e4isches Naturerbe
\nSteierm\u00e4rkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum \u2013 Zoologie
\nwith support by the MAVA Foundation
\nGraz, December 2008
\nSelbstverlag Landesmuseum Joanneum, Zoologie, 8010 Graz, Raubergasse 10.
\nDruck und Endfertigung: Druckerei Khil, Graz.
\nGraz, 2008
\nPhotos front cover: Greater Flamingo (M. Tiefenbach), Dalmatian Pelican (L. Khil),
\nEuropean Bee-eater (P. Sackl) and Solana Ulcinj, Jezero 2 (M. Schneider-Jacoby).
\n5
\nJoannea Zool. 10: 5\u201384 (2008)
\nManagement plan for the conservation and sustainable use of the
\nnatural values of the privately owned Nature Park \u00abSolana Ulcinj\u00bb,
\nMontenegro1
\nMarch 2007
\nBorut STUMBERGER, Peter SACKL, Darko SAVELJI\u0002 and Martin SCHNEIDER-JACOBY
\nContents
\nAbstract ………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
\nSa\u017eetak ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
\nAbstrakt ………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
\nZusammenfassung …………………………………………………………………………. 10
\nGlossary ………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
\n1. Vision and mission ……………………………………………………………………… 14
\n2. Methods and background ……………………………………………………………… 15
\n3. Site description ………………………………………………………………………….. 16
\n3.1 General information …………………………………………………………………… 16
\n3.1.1 Location ………………………………………………………………………………. 16
\n3.1.2 History ……………………………………………………………………………….. 18
\n3.1.3 Climate ……………………………………………………………………………….. 19
\n3.1.4 Protection status and strategies …………………………………………………. 20
\n3.2 Salt production ………………………………………………………………………… 22
\n3.3 The Solana as habitat ………………………………………………………………… 24
\n3.3.1 General information ………………………………………………………………… 25
\n3.3.2 Fauna …………………………………………………………………………………. 26
\n3.3.2.1 Mammals ………………………………………………………………………….. 26
\n3.3.2.2 Birds ……………………………………………………………………………….. 26
\n3.3.2.3 Fishes ………………………………………………………………………………. 31
\n3.3.2.4 Brine shrimps (Anostraca) ……………………………………………………… 32
\n3.3.2.5 Insects ……………………………………………………………………………… 32
\n3.3.2.6 Mollusca …………………………………………………………………………… 32
\n3.3.3 Flora ………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
\n3.4 International importance …………………………………………………………….. 33
\n1 This paper was printed with support by the MAVA Foundation and EuroNatur Foundation.
\n6
\n4. Management objectivies ……………………………………………………………….. 38
\n4.1 Main goals ……………………………………………………………………………… 38
\n4.2 Salt production ………………………………………………………………………… 39
\n4.2.1 Maintenance of dikes ………………………………………………………………. 39
\n4.2.2 Water regime ………………………………………………………………………… 42
\n4.2.3 Vegetation ……………………………………………………………………………. 44
\n4.2.4 Medicinal use of the salt-pans …………………………………………………… 44
\n4.3 Rangers …………………………………………………………………………………. 44
\n4.4 Protected areas ………………………………………………………………………… 46
\n4.5 Nature tourism and environmental education ……………………………………. 49
\n4.5.1 Information centre ………………………………………………………………….. 49
\n4.5.2 Educational trail …………………………………………………………………….. 50
\n4.5.3 Visitor train ………………………………………………………………………….. 51
\n4.5.4 Bicycle trail ………………………………………………………………………….. 51
\n4.5.5 Salt festival ………………………………………………………………………….. 52
\n4.5.6 Visitor programme \u201cSalt Production\u201d ……………………………………………. 52
\n4.5.7 Regional programmes ……………………………………………………………… 53
\n4.6 Management of the Nature Park \u201cSolana Ulcinj\u201d ……………………………….. 53
\n4.6.1 Management of the privately owned conservation area …………………….. 53
\n4.6.2 Financing and entrance fees ……………………………………………………… 54
\n4.6.3 Wise use of the Solana\u2019s natural resources ……………………………………. 55
\n5. Monitoring ……………………………………………………………………………….. 56
\n6. Action plan ……………………………………………………………………………….. 58
\n6.1 Basin 1 (Kneta) ……………………………………………………………………….. 58
\n6.2 Basins 2\u201313 (Kneta) …………………………………………………………………. 59
\n6.3 Stojski 1 & 2 …………………………………………………………………………… 61
\n6.4 Basins 17\u201327 ………………………………………………………………………….. 61
\n6.5 \u201cMeadow\u201d ………………………………………………………………………………. 62
\n6.6 Basins 28\u201332 ………………………………………………………………………….. 63
\n6.7 Jezero 2 …………………………………………………………………………………. 64
\n6.8 Zoganjski 1 & 2 ……………………………………………………………………….. 65
\n6.9 Jezero 1 …………………………………………………………………………………. 66
\n6.10 Evaporation II ………………………………………………………………………… 68
\n6.11. Evaporation III\u2013IV ………………………………………………………………….. 69
\n6.12 Crystallisation ………………………………………………………………………… 70
\n6.13 Reservoirs 1 & 2 …………………………………………………………………….. 70
\n6.14 Canals …………………………………………………………………………………. 71
\nAcknowledgments ………………………………………………………………………….. 72
\nReferences …………………………………………………………………………………… 73
\nAppendix 1\u20135 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 76
\n7
\nAbstract: Salinas are important wetland habitats, whose significance for nesting and
\nmigrating waterbirds is based on the process of salt production, i. e. the annual flooding
\nand drying-out of evaporation basins. With a whole area of 14,9 km2 the salina of Ulcinj
\n(Solana Ulcinj) belongs to the group of the largest, operative salinas in the Mediterranean
\nregion. The salina is situated in the delta of the Bojana-Buna River at the eastern
\ncoast of the Adriatic Sea in southern Montenegro. Based on regular countings of
\nresting and wintering waterbirds and breeding bird surveys since April 2003, the present
\nmanagement plan (MP) was developed by Euronatur Foundation in cooperation
\nwith the Solana Ulcinj.
\nBecause the regular flooding of the salt-pans with seawater and saline waters is
\nessential for preserving the unique wetland habitats of the area, the maintenance of the
\nSolana Ulcinj is a common aim of both parties involved in the MP. EuroNatur and the
\nSolana Ulcinj aim to develop and to preserve the natural values of the salina as a managed
\nprotection area based on best practice and international standards of nature conservation.
\nThe shear extent of the salina\u2019s wetland habitats and the high species diversity of
\nits fauna and flora are unique for the eastern Adriatic region. The Solana Ulcinj is the
\nmost important resting, wintering and breeding site for many species of waterbirds
\nalong the Adriatic Flyway, and according to the presence of 15 species which reach the
\n1 % threshold of the Ramsar Convention (1971) a wetland of international importance.
\nTherefore, the joined MP aims to preserve the wetland habitats of the salina, which is
\ncurrently frequented by 12.000\u201332.000 waterbirds during spring and autumn migration,
\nunder the Ramsar Convention, by its formal protection under the laws of the Republic
\nof Montenegro, and by the development of nature tourism and environmental education.
\nAccording to the main objectives outlined in the MP, indicators for a successful implementation
\nof activities, joined by both parties, are:
\n\u0002\u0003 the population numbers of breeding, resting and over-wintering waterbirds,
\nand the breeding success of colonially nesting shorebirds and other bird species,
\nnesting in the salina
\n\u0002\u0003 the permanent (re)establishment of new breeding species in the Solana Ulcinj,
\nwith the main focus on Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus) and Greater
\nFlamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus)
\n\u0002\u0003 the numbers of tourists and other visitors which visit the salt-work and use the
\nsalina\u2019s educational facilities
\n\u0002\u0003 the acceptance of the project by local people, national authorities and by the
\ninternational conservation community
\nBeside a short description of techniques used for industrial salt production in the
\nSolana, a characterization of habitat types, and of the fauna and flora of the area, the
\npresent action plan for the proposed Nature Park \u201cSolana Ulcinj\u201d outlines the main objectives
\nof the project and includes detailed management planning for different parts,
\n8
\ni. e. for dikes, canals and all evaporation basins of the salina. In addition, recommendations
\nfor the establishment of an information centre, the construction of visitor trails
\nand other facilities for environmental education, are given.
\nSa\u017eetak: Solane su va\u017ena mo\u0003varna stani\u0161ta \u0003iji se zna\u0003aj za gnije\u017e\u0004enje i vodene ptice
\nna seobi bazira na procesu proizvodnje soli. Sa povr\u0161inom koja zahvata 14,9 km2 , Ulcinjska
\nSolana je jedna od najve\u0005ih aktivnih solana u regionu Mediterana. Solana se
\nnalazi u delti rijeke Bojane\/Bune, na isto\u0003noj obali Jadrana i krajnjem jugoistoku Crne
\nGore. Na osnovu redovnih prebrojavanja ptica koje solanu koriste kao odmarali\u0161te,
\ngnjezdili\u0161te i ptica selica, a koje se provodi od aprila 2003. godine, napravljen je Plan
\nupravljanja (MP = Management plan) zajedni\u0003kim snagama Euronatur Foundation i
\nUlcinjske solane.
\nPrelivanje solanskih bazena morskom i solanskom vodom je od temeljne va\u017enosti
\nza za\u0161titu jedinstvenih stani\u0161ta ove mo\u0003vare. Upravljanje Ulcinjskom solanom je jedinstveni
\ninteres obje strane uklju\u0003ene u MP. Euronatur i Solana Ulcinj te\u017ee da razvijaju i
\nza\u0161tite prirodne vrijednosti solane kao za\u0161ti\u0005enog podru\u0003ja \u0003ije se upravljanje bazira na
\nnajboljoj praksi i me\u0004unarodnim standardima za\u0161tite prirode.
\nPovr\u0161ina pod slanom mo\u0003varom i visoka raznolikost vrsta flore i faune su jedinstveni
\nna isto\u0003noj obali Jadrana. Solana Ulcinj je najzna\u0003ajnije odmarali\u0161te, zimovali\u0161te i
\ngnjezdili\u0161te mnogih vrsta vodenih ptica i \u0161ljukarica na Jadranskom seobenom putu
\n(Adriatic Flyway). U vezi vezi sa tim, na solani je prisutno 15 vrsta ptica \u0003ija brojnost
\nprelazi 1 % svjetske populacije na osnovu standarda Ramsararske konvencije (1971)
\nkoja tretira mo\u0003vare od me\u0004unarodnog zna\u0003aja. Zajedni\u0003ki plan upravljanja ima za cilj
\nda za\u0161titi mo\u0003varna stani\u0161ta solane koja gosti izme\u0004u 12\u201332.000 vodenih ptica tokom
\nprolje\u0005ne i jesenje seobe, a na osnovu standarda Ramsarske konvencije i formalne
\nza\u0161tite kao parka prirode na osnovu Zakona o za\u0161titi prirode Crne Gore kao podru\u0003ja za
\nrazvoj eko edukativnog turizma.
\nNa osnovu glavnih ciljeva koji proisti\u0003u iz plana upravljanja, indikatori uspje\u0161nosti
\nnjegove implementacije obje zainteresovane strane su:
\n\u0002\u0003 brojnost populacija gnjezdarica, zimovalica i ptica na odmoru (vodenih i ptica
\n\u0161ljukarica), uspje\u0161nost gnije\u017e\u0004enja kolonijalnih gnjezdarica na solani
\n\u0002\u0003 stalno odr\u017eavanje postoje\u0005ih i pravljenje uslova za gnije\u017e\u0004enje novih gnjezdarica,
\nu prvom redu kudravog pelikana (Pelecanus crispus) I flamingosa\/plamenca
\n(Phoenicopterus ruber roseus)
\n\u0002\u0003 broj turista koji \u0005e posje\u0005ivati solanu i koristiti edukativne potencijale koje ona
\nima
\n\u0002\u0003 prihvatanje projekta od strane lokalne zajednice, dr\u017eavnih institucija i
\nme\u0004unarodne zajednice koja se bavi za\u0161itom prirode
\nPored kratkog opisa na\u0003ina proizvodnje soli na solani, karakteristika stani\u0161ta, registrovanih
\npripadnika flore i faune na predmetnom podru\u0003ju, ovaj prijedlog mjera za
\nustanovljavanje Parka prirode Ulcinjska Solana daje smjernice projekta i uklju\u0003uje de9
\ntaljno planiranje upravljanja razli\u0003itim oblastima, kao \u0161to su, na primjer, nasipi, kanali
\ni svi bazeni posebno na cijelom podru\u0003ju solane. Dodatno, plan daje preporuke za ustanovljavanje
\ninformativnog centra, izrade staza za posjetioce i drugih dodatnih
\nmogu\u0005nosti, kao \u0161to su ekolo\u0161ka edukacija za lokalnu zajednicu, \u0161kole i turiste.
\nAbstrakt: Kriporet jan\u00eb habitate t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme si zona t\u00eb lag\u00ebshta, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e t\u00eb cilave
\np\u00ebr folezimin dhe migrimin e shpend\u00ebve t\u00eb ujit \u00ebsht\u00eb e bazuar n\u00eb procesin e prodhimit
\nte krip\u00ebs. Me nje sip\u00ebrfaqe totale prej 14,9 km2 Kriporja e Ulqinit \u2013 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga kriporet
\nm\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha vepruese n\u00eb rajonin e Masdheut. Kriporja gjendet n\u00eb Delt\u00ebn e lumit
\nBuna\/Bojana, ne bregun lindor te detit Adriatik, n\u00eb jug t\u00eb Malit te Zi. Bazuar n\u00eb num\u00ebrimet
\ne rregullta t\u00eb shpend\u00ebve ujor\u00eb dim\u00ebrues dhe v\u00ebzhgimet e shumimit t\u00eb shpend\u00ebve
\nq\u00eb n\u00eb Prill 2003, u krijua plani aktual i menaxhimit (PM) nga Euronatur Foundation n\u00eb
\nbashk\u00ebpunim me Kriporen e Ulqinit.
\nP\u00ebr arsye se p\u00ebrmbytja e rregullt n\u00eb kripore me uj\u00ebrat e detit dhe ato t\u00eb kripores
\n\u00ebsht\u00eb esenciale p\u00ebr ruajtjen e habitateve unike t\u00eb zon\u00ebs, mir\u00ebmbajtja e Kripores s\u00eb Ulqinit
\n\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim i p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt i t\u00eb dy pal\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb PM. Euronatur-a
\ndhe Kriporja e Ulqinit kan\u00eb p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim t\u00eb zhvillojn\u00eb dhe t\u00eb ruajn\u00eb vlerat natyrore t\u00eb kripores
\nsi nj\u00eb zon\u00eb e mbrojtur e menaxhuar bazuar n\u00eb praktik\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe standartet
\nnd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare t\u00eb ruajtjes se natyr\u00ebs.
\nP\u00ebrmasat e habitateve te kripores dhe diversiteti i lart\u00eb i specieve t\u00eb faun\u00ebs dhe
\nflor\u00ebs s\u00eb saj jan\u00eb unike p\u00ebr rajonin e Adriatikut lindor. Kriporja e Ulqinit \u00ebsht\u00eb vendi m\u00eb
\ni r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr q\u00ebndrimin, dim\u00ebrimin dhe shumimin e shum\u00eb specieve t\u00eb shpend\u00ebve
\nujor\u00eb dhe t\u00eb brigjeve ujore p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb Adriatikut, dhe persa i p\u00ebrket prezenc\u00ebs s\u00eb 15 specieve
\nq\u00eb arrijn\u00eb pragun 1 % t\u00eb Konvent\u00ebs s\u00eb Ramsarit (1971) \u2013 nj\u00eb zon\u00eb e lag\u00ebsht me
\nr\u00ebnd\u00ebsi nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Prandaj, PM i p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt ka p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb habitatet e kripores,
\ne cila aktualisht frekuentohet nga 12\u201332.000 shpend\u00eb ujor\u00eb gjat\u00eb migrimit t\u00eb
\npranver\u00ebs dhe vjesht\u00ebs n\u00ebn Konvent\u00ebn e Ramsarit, nga mbrojtja e saj formale si nj\u00eb
\npark natyror n\u00ebn ligjet e Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Malit t\u00eb Zi, si dhe nga zhvillimi i turizmit natyror
\ndhe edukimit mjedisor n\u00eb zon\u00eb.
\nBazuar n\u00eb objektivat kryesore t\u00eb n\u00ebnvizuara n\u00eb PM, indikator\u00ebt p\u00ebr nj\u00eb implementim
\nt\u00eb suksessh\u00ebm t\u00eb aktiviteteve t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta jan\u00eb:
\n\u0002\u0003 numri i popullatave t\u00eb shpend\u00ebve ujore dhe k\u00ebmb\u00ebgjat\u00ebve q\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb, folezojn\u00eb
\ndhe dim\u00ebrojn\u00eb, dhe suksesi i shtimit t\u00eb kolonis\u00eb s\u00eb shpend\u00ebve ujor\u00eb dhe
\nbregujor\u00eb n\u00eb kripore
\n\u0002\u0003 (ri)stabilizimi i specieve t\u00eb reja n\u00eb Kriporen e Ulqinit, me fokus kryesor Pelikanin
\nKa\u00e7urrel (Pelecanus crispus) dhe Flamingot (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus)
\n\u0002\u0003 numri i turist\u00ebve t\u00eb cil\u00ebt vizitojn\u00eb kriporen dhe p\u00ebrdorin leht\u00ebsirat edukative t\u00eb
\nsaja
\n\u0002\u0003 pranimi i projektit nga banor\u00ebt lokal, autoritetet komb\u00ebtare dhe nga komuniteti
\nnd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar p\u00ebr ruajtjen
\n10
\nP\u00ebrve\u00e7 nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimi t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr t\u00eb teknikave t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura p\u00ebr prodhimin tregtar
\nt\u00eb krip\u00ebs n\u00eb Kripore, dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i tipeve t\u00eb habitateve, dhe t\u00eb faun\u00ebs dhe flor\u00ebs
\nt\u00eb gjetur n\u00eb zon\u00eb, drafti aktual i planit te veprimit p\u00ebr \u201cParkun Natyror te Kripores se
\nUlqinit\u201d t\u00eb propozuar n\u00ebnvizon objektivat kryesore t\u00eb projektit dhe p\u00ebrfshin planifikimin
\ne detajuar t\u00eb menaxhimit p\u00ebr pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme, p.sh. p\u00ebr digat, kanalet dhe kriporet e
\nvogla. Gjithashtu jan\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb rekomandime p\u00ebr ngritjen e nj\u00eb qendre informacioni, nd\u00ebrtimin
\ne rrug\u00ebve p\u00ebr vizitor\u00ebt dhe leht\u00ebsira t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebr edukimin mjedisor p\u00ebr banor\u00ebt lokal,
\nshkollat dhe turist\u00ebt.
\nZusammenfassung: Trotz deren wirtschaftlicher Nutzung beherbergen K\u00fcsten- oder
\nMeeressalinen viele, \u00f6kologisch wertvolle Lebensr\u00e4ume. Besonders die j\u00e4hrliche \u00dcberflutung
\nund das anschlie\u00dfende, langsame Trockenfallen der Verdunstungsbecken schafft
\ng\u00fcnstige Brut-, Rast- und \u00dcberwinterungsbedingungen f\u00fcr eine Reihe von Wasser- und
\nWatv\u00f6geln. Mit 14,9 km2 geh\u00f6rt die Saline von Ulcinj (Solana Ulcinj) im S\u00fcden Montenegros
\nzu den gr\u00f6\u00dften Salinen des Mittelmeerraumes. Im Gegensatz zu vielen K\u00fcstensalinen
\nim ehemaligen Jugoslawien ist die Saline Ulcinj weiterhin in Betrieb und bildet,
\nneben dem Tourismus, die wichtigste wirtschaftliche Grundlage der Region um die Bezirkshauptstadt
\nUlcinj\/Ulqini (Opstina Ulcinj). Die Saline wurde in den 1930er Jahren
\nim Schwemmland des Bojana-Buna Deltas, wenige Hundert Meter von der K\u00fcste der
\nAdria, in einer gro\u00dfen Inlandlagune (Zoganjsko Jezero), die durch einen schmalen, nat\u00fcrlichen
\nKanal (Porta Milena) mit dem Meer verbunden ist, errichtet. In der ehemaligen
\nLagune bestand bis in die erste H\u00e4lfte des 20. Jahrhunderts eine Brutkolonie des
\nKrauskopfpelikans (Pelecanus crispus).
\nDer vorliegende Managementplan (MP) hat den dauerhaften Schutz der Saline als
\nwichtigstes Brut- und Rastgebiet f\u00fcr viele Wasser- und Watv\u00f6gel an der \u00f6stlichen Adria
\ndurch eine nachhaltige, wirtschaftliche Nutzung und touristische Erschlie\u00dfung zum
\nZiel. Er wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit der Saline Ulcinj von der Stiftung Europ\u00e4isches
\nNaturerbe (EuroNatur) an Hand der Ergebnisse von Wasservogelz\u00e4hlungen (IWC) und
\nvon Erhebungen der Brutbest\u00e4nde in der Saline br\u00fctender Wasser- und Watv\u00f6gel erstellt.
\nVoraussetzung f\u00fcr die langfristige Erhaltung der Salzwiesen und anderer Feuchtlebensr\u00e4ume
\nin der Saline ist die regelm\u00e4\u00dfige Flutung der Verdunstungsbecken. Daher ist
\ndie dauerhafte Sicherung und Wirtschaftlichkeit der Salzproduktion in der Saline ein erkl\u00e4rtes
\nZiel beider an diesem MP beteiligten Organisationen. Dies, sowie der Schutz der
\nFeuchtlebensr\u00e4ume in der Saline mit ihrer Fauna und Flora soll durch den formellen
\nSchutz des Gebietes, durch ein entsprechendes Habitatmanagement und begleitende
\nSchutzma\u00dfnahmen nach internationalen Naturschutzstandards durch die Zusammenarbeit
\nvon EuroNatur mit der Solana Ulcinj erreicht werden.
\nAufgrund der Gr\u00f6\u00dfe der vorhandenen Feuchtlebensr\u00e4ume und der hohen Artendiversit\u00e4t
\nvon Pflanzen und Tieren z\u00e4hlt die Saline in Ulcinj zu den bedeutendsten Feuchtgebieten
\nan der \u00f6stlichen Adria zwischen Norditalien und Albanien. Die Saline Ulcinj ist
\n11
\ndas wichtigste Rast-, \u00dcberwinterungs- und Brutgebiet f\u00fcr viele Wasser- und Watv\u00f6gel
\nan der \u00f6stlichen Adriak\u00fcste. Weiterhin liegt sie, nahe der Stra\u00dfe von Otranto, f\u00fcr viele
\nWasserv\u00f6gel an einem strategisch wichtigen Punkt entlang der Zentraleurop\u00e4ischen
\nZugstrasse (Central European Flyway). Die Best\u00e4nde von 15 Wasser- und Watvogelarten,
\ndie wir seit 2003 festgestellt haben, \u00fcberschreiten die in der Ramsar Konvention
\n(1971) festgelegte 1 %-Grenze ihrer globalen Populationen. Die Saline ist somit ein
\nFeuchtgebiet von internationaler Bedeutung. Der vorliegende MP hat den Schutz der
\nSaline, die z. Z. am Herbst- und Fr\u00fchjahrszug von 12.000\u201332.000 Wasser- und Watv\u00f6geln
\ngenutzt wird, als Feuchtgebiet internationaler Bedeutung nach der Ramsar Konvention,
\ndurch die Erkl\u00e4rung zu einem Schutzgebiet seitens der Republik Montenegro
\nund durch eine nachhaltige, touristische Erschlie\u00dfung zum Ziel.
\nDie Umsetzung und der Erfolg der im MP im Detail dargestellten Schutzziele und
\nvorgeschlagenen Ma\u00dfnahmen sollen im Rahmen eines integrierten Vogel- und Habitatmonitorings
\n\u00fcberpr\u00fcft werden. Indikatoren f\u00fcr eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des MP
\nsind:
\n\u0002\u0003 die Populationsgr\u00f6\u00dfen der in der Saline br\u00fctenden, rastenden und \u00fcberwinternden
\nWasserv\u00f6gel und Limikolen, sowie der Bruterfolg von insbesondere,
\nkoloniebr\u00fctenden Wasser- und Watv\u00f6geln
\n\u0002\u0003 die dauerhafte Etablierung neuer Brutkolonien ehemaliger oder neuer Brutvogelarten,
\ninsbesondere von Krauskopfpelikan und Rosaflamingo (Phoenicopterus
\nruber roseus)
\n\u0002\u0003 die Zahl der Besucher, die die Beobachtungs- und Informationseinrichtungen
\nin der Saline nutzen
\n\u0002\u0003 die Akzeptanz des Projektes durch die lokale Bev\u00f6lkerung, die montenegrinischen
\nBeh\u00f6rden und durch internationale Naturschutzexperten
\nNeben einer Beschreibung der industriellen Salzgewinnung in der Saline, einer
\nKurzcharakteristik der Habitattypen, sowie der Fauna und Flora des Gebietes, enth\u00e4lt
\nder vorliegende MP eine umfassende Darstellung der Ma\u00dfnahmen, die in verschiedenen
\nTeilen der Saline umzusetzen sind (Aktionsplan). Weiterhin werden Vorschl\u00e4ge
\nf\u00fcr die Errichtung eines Informations- und Besucherzentrums, eines Besucherleitsystems,
\nvon Beobachtungsst\u00e4nden und anderen Erziehungs- und Informationseinrichtungen
\nf\u00fcr Schulklassen, Vogelbeobachter und Touristen vorgestellt.
\nKey words: management plan, waterbirds, waders, colonial waterbirds, International
\nWaterbird Count, IWC, salina, Solana Ulcinj, Montenegro, Ramsar site, Dalmatian Pelican,
\nPelecanus crispus, Important Bird Area, IBA Ulcinj saltpans, Nature Park, action
\nplan.
\n12
\nGlossary
\nBe\u00b0 B\u00b0, B\u00e9\u00b0, Baume or degrees Baum\u00e9 is a measure for the density of various
\nliquids developed by French pharmacist Antoine BAUM\u00c9 in 1768. Originally
\nBaum\u00e9 degrees (heavy) represented the percent by mass of sodium chloride
\nin water at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15,5 \u00b0C) and was later calibrated
\nto 0\u00b0 B\u00e9 (light) being the density of 10 % NaCl in water by mass and
\n10\u00b0 B\u00e9 (light) set to the density of water (WIKIPEDIA).
\nbp. breeding pair(s)
\nbrackish water water which contains 0,5\u201330 grams\/litre of salt (NaCl), but not as much as
\nseawater
\nbrine concentrated solution of inorganic salts, formed by the partial evaporation
\nof saline waters; brine contains > 50 grams of salt per litre
\ncyst dormant stage in the life cycle of some invertebrates which is protected by
\na thick membrane (e.g. the eggs of brine shrimp, Artemia sp.)
\nCZIP Centre for the Protection and Research of Birds, Podgorica (Montenegro)
\nEuroNatur short for: Euronatur Foundation, Germany
\neuryhaline organisms, e. g. plants or arthropods, which tolerate a wide range of degrees
\nof salinity
\nfresh water water containing < 0,5 gram of dissolved salt per litre
\nhalophyte terrestrial plant that is morphologically and\/or physiologically adapted to
\ngrow in salt-rich soils and salt-laden air
\nIBA Important Bird Area
\nintertidal (zone) area between the highest and lowest tide mark
\nIWC International Waterbird Count(s), organized by Wetlands International, Wageningen,
\nThe Netherlands
\nIUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Recources, with
\nheadquarters in Switzerland
\nMP management plan
\nNGO non-governmental organisation
\nRamsar Convention intergovernmental convention which regulates the protection of wetlands of
\ninternational importance; signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971
\nroost resting or sleeping place of birds, often used in large numbers (communal
\nroost)
\nsalina a wetland which has been transformed for economic reasons, normally for
\nthe production of salt; many synonymously used terms, like man-made salterns,
\nsalt ponds, solar salt-works, salt-pans etc. are used in English to describe
\nsalinas
\n13
\nsaline water water that contains a significant concentration of 30\u201350 grams\/litre of dissolved
\nsalts
\nsalinity proportion of salt (sodium chloride) present in a given amount of water or
\nsoil
\nsalt-pan, pan a shallow basin which is used for the concentration of dissolved salts of sea
\nwater, and the precipitation and crystallisation of salts on its bottom
\nSolana short for: Solana Ulcinj
\nwader(s) wading birds of the order Charadriiformes
\nWPE3 short for: Waterbirds Population Estimates. 3rd Edition, Wetlands International
\nGlobal Ser. 12, Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
\n2002
\nWPE4 short for: Waterbirds Population Estimates. 4th Edition
\n(www.wtlands.org\/getfilefromdb.aspx?ID=832cc151-2de7-4f2e-9a05-
\n41de0aec8594)
\nWater salinity based on dissolved salts in grams per litre
\nFresh water brackish water sea water saline water brine
\n< 0.5 0.5\u201330 ca. 30 30\u201350 > 50
\n14
\n1. Vision and mission
\nThe Solana Ulcinj is situated at the south-eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and covers
\nlarge areas of a former inland lagoon, which is locally known as \u201cZoganjsko Jezero\u201d2.
\nThe salina represents an integrated element within the network of interconnected alluvial
\nand coastal wetland habitats (beta diversity) of the Bojana-Buna Delta. Following
\nrules of the Bird Directive of the European Union, GRIMMETT & JONES (1989) and Bird-
\nLife International (HEATH & EVANS 2000) have identified the Solana as an Important
\nBird Area (IBA \u201cUlcinj saltpans \u2013 Ulcinjska solane\u201d, 1.350 ha). The significance and
\ninternational importance of the area\u2019s ecological values is formally recognised by the
\nSolana\u2019s management and EuroNatur, which forms the basis for their cooperation and
\njoined efforts outlined in the MP.
\nThe significance of the Solana Ulcinj for breeding and migrating birds is based on
\nthe process of salt production (SADUL et al. 1998). Therefore the maintenance of the
\nSolana is a common aim of both parties. The aim of the Solana Ulcinj and EuroNatur
\nis to develop and to preserve the unique habitats, and the fauna and flora of the salina
\nas a managed protection area, based on best practice and international standards of
\nnature conservation (PERENNOU et al. 1996).
\nBecause the site fulfills criteria of the Ramsar Convention (1971) it will be nominated
\nas a wetland of international importance, and both parties agree to lobby for the
\ninclusion of the area into the list of Ramsar sites and to take legal steps for its protracted
\npreservation by the Republic of Montenegro. EuroNatur has completed the
\nRamsar Information Sheet (RIS) in 2006, and has forwarded it to the Ministry for Tourism
\nand Environment of the Republic of Montenegro.
\nThe joined project, outlined by the MP, further aims to establish infrastructure for
\npromoting environmental education in the region, which will enable local people, tourists
\nand bird watchers to observe birds and other wildlife in the salina.
\nAll measures aim to preserve and to support the populations of breeding birds, resting
\nand wintering migrants, and to create international awareness for the area as a
\nprime destination for tourists and nature enthusiasts. In the same way, all measures are
\nbased on the long-term goal of the Republic of Montenegro to develop the country as a
\n\u201cEcological State\u201d. Both parties agree to stop illegal hunting, bird shooting, and other
\nhuman disturbances in the salina which are incompatible with conservation.
\nIndicators for a successful implementation of joined activities are:
\n\u0002\u0003 the population numbers of breeding, wintering and resting waterbirds during
\nmigration, and the breeding success of bird species nesting in the salina
\n\u0002\u0003 the permanent (re-)establishment of new breeding birds, like Greater Flamingo
\nand Dalmatian Pelican3
\n\u0002\u0003 the numbers of tourists which visit the salina and use the Solana\u2019s observation
\nand education facilities
\n\u0002\u0003 the image and acceptance of the project by local people, national authorities
\nand by the international conservation community
\n2 The first part of the name originates from Albanian language (zog = bird), the second from Montenegrin
\n(jezero = lake). According to REISER & VON F\u00dcHRER (1896) Dalmatian Pelicans have bred
\nin the lagoon till the beginning of the last century.
\n3 For German and scientific names of birds mentioned in text see Appendix 1 (p. 76\u201377)
\n15
\n2. Methods and background
\nThis MP is based on numerous visits of the Solana by the authors, a monitoring programme
\nfor documenting the population numbers of waterbirds and of other bird species
\nwhich was launched by Darko SAVELJI\u0002 in 2000, and which is continued with the
\nhelp of EuroNatur since 2003. During most visits by a team of conservation experts and
\nornithologists, coordinated by EuroNatur, the Solana\u2019s management was contacted for
\ninformation, for planning and discussing activities.
\nBetween 31 October and 2 November 2003, EuroNatur organized a first work
\nshop, concerning the ecological value of the Bojana-Buna Delta, during which a number
\nof materials on the biodiversity of the area were collected from a number of experts
\n(SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b).
\nIn 2004, Snezana VUKSANOVI\u0002 from the Museum of Natural History of Montenegro
\nin Podgorica, and Danka PETROVI\u0002 of the University of Podgorica have mapped the plant
\ncommunities in the salina (VUKSANOVI\u0002 & PETROVI\u0002 2004).
\nA geographical information system (GIS) for the Bojana-Buna Delta was created
\nby Ulrich SCHWARZ (Fluvius). It provided us with an excellent data base, which was used
\nby Borut STUMBERGER to produce the maps, included in the MP, and for calculating surface
\nareas as well as the total length of levees and canals.
\nIn 2005 EuroNatur organized first conservation activities which demonstrated the
\npotential of the Solana for colonially nesting waterbirds, but at the same time indicated
\nthat the urgently needed reconstruction of some basins, in particular of Jezero 2, may
\ndestroy many currently important nest sites.
\nConsequently, two workshops were held in the Solana to discuss management planning:
\nIn the first workshop from 14\u201315 April 2004, Danka PETROVI\u0002 (University of Podgorica),
\nVaso RADOVI\u0002 (Solana Ulcinj), Mio RADULOVI\u0002 (Solana Ulcinj), Peter SACKL (Landesmuseum
\nJoanneum, Graz), Darko SAVELJI\u0002 (Institute for Nature Protection, Podgorica),
\nMartin SCHNEIDER-JACOBY (EuroNatur), Borut STUMBERGER (EuroNatur) and Snezana
\nVUKSANOVI\u0002 (Museum of Natural History of Montenegro, Podgorica) participated.
\nThe second workshop on 11 May 2005, was visited by Jelena ALEKSI\u0002 (Solana Ulcinj),
\nVaso RADOVI\u0002 (Solana Ulcinj), Peter SACKL (Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz), Darko
\nSAVELJI\u0002 (Institute for Nature Protection, Podgorica), Martin SCHNEIDER-JACOBY (Euro-
\nNatur) and Borut STUMBERGER (EuroNatur). In addition, the workshop was visited by
\nLazar BAN, who is responsible for the Porta Milena Revitalization Project in Ulcinj.
\nMethods used for preparing the MP are based on the following documents:
\n\u0002\u0003 the Management Planning Toolkit of EUROSITE (1999)
\n\u0002\u0003 the training module of MedWet & Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat \u201cA
\nManagement Plan for a Mediterranean Wetland\u201d (PERENNOU et al. 1996)
\n\u0002\u0003 the \u201cNew Guidelines for Management Planning for Ramsar Sites and Other
\nWetlands\u201d of the RAMSAR CONVENTION OF WETLANDS (2002)
\nThe Solana Ulcinj and the EuroNatur team with their local partner organisation,
\nCZIP, will continue to evaluate actions and the updating of the MP. The basis for this
\nprocess is the continuous monitoring of activities and population numbers of birds, outlined
\nin chapter 5, and regular meetings of all parties.
\n16
\n3. Site description
\n3.1. General information
\nThe Solana Ulcinj is situated in the southernmost part of the Republic of Montenegro
\n(13.812 km2), close to the border to Albania at the south-eastern coast of the Adriatc
\nSea (Fig. 1a). Its nearest distance to the city of Ulcinj and to the borderline to Albania
\nis 1 km, to the regional center Bar 23 km, and 62 km to the country\u2019s capital of Podgorica.
\nThe Community of Ulcinj (Opstina Ulcinj\/Ulqini) is inhabitated by 24.217 people,
\nwith some 13.500 of them living within the city limits of Ulcinj (MONSTAT 2005).
\nAccording to Montenegrin law, below the central government, opstina is the highest administrative
\nlevel.
\nFig. 1a: Location of the Solana Ulcinj, Montenegro, in the eastern Mediterranean region. The full
\ncircle indicates the location of the salina.
\n3.1.1. Location
\nThe Solana is situated in the inland lagoon and marshlands of the former Zoganjsko Jezero
\nin the 225 km2 large delta of the Bojana-Buna River (Fig. 1b). The salina is separated
\nfrom the Adriatic Sea by a barrier island, called Velika Pla\u017ea, and from the Bojana-
\nBuna River by a natural levee which was formed by the river. For flood prevention
\n17
\nthe latter was partly replaced by an artificial dike. The area\u2019s soils consist mainly of fine
\nriverine deposits, like mud (organic) and sand (anorganic). According to the influence
\nof the nearby sea and of recent salt production, the salina is dominated by alkaline soils.
\nBelow the mudflats of the salt-pans huge layers of shells of marine mollusks are present.
\nThe Solana is a significant and integrated element of the approximately 1.000 km2
\nlarge \u201cLake Skadar-Bojana\/Buna River\u201d ecosystem of interconnected wetlands.
\nFig. 1b: Location of the Solana Ulcinj at the east coast of the Adriatic Sea.
\nSize: 1.492 ha; surface area of basins 1.383 ha or 92,2 %; of dams, levees, canals
\nand the salina\u2019s surrounding outer drainage canal 109 ha or 7,8 % of the Solana\u2019s
\nwhole area. Together dams and levees amount to a total length of 130 km.
\nBoundaries of the site: Of the salina\u2019s perimeter of 18,7 km, 16,6 km follow the surrounding
\nouter canal and 2,1 km, close to the administration and processing buildings,
\nthe northern bank of Porta Milena, i.e. the naturally formed inlet of the former inland
\nlagoon. Thus, the delimitation of the salina follows mainly artificial structures. The site
\nincludes the whole area of the Solana, but excludes Porta Milena, the isthmus which
\nconnects the salina with the Adriatic Sea.
\nCoordinates: 19\u00b018\u201905,71\u2019\u2019 East
\n41\u00b055\u201925,14\u2019\u2019 North
\nAltitude: 0\u20135 m
\nFor a map of the proposed Ramsar site see Fig. 2.
\n18
\nFig. 2: Delimitation of the proposed Ramsar site \u201cSolana Ulcinj\u201d.
\n3.1.2. History
\nAccording to the development of continuously elaborated techniques for industrial salt
\nproduction, SADUL et al. (1998) have distinguished primitive, rudimentary, traditional,
\nand modern salinas. The salina in Ulcinj belongs to the later, most modern type. The
\nhistory of the transformation of the former Zoganjsko Jezero and adjoining marshlands,
\nand of the construction of the Solana Ulcinj is summarized as follows (for details cf.
\nRADOVI\u0002 2008):
\n1920\u20131926 In 1920 the Monopoly Management (monopolska uprava) of former Yugoslavia
\ninvited Antun KOLUDROVI\u0002 and Guido GRISOGONA to select lands, which will be
\nsuitable for industrial salt production, along the coast of the Adriatic Sea from Ankaran
\nin Slovenia south to Ulcinj in Montenegro. As the most suitable site both experts designated
\nZoganjsko Jezero in Ulcinjsko Polje, near Ulcinj.
\n1926\u20131934 Construction of the first salt-pans and other indispensable infrastructure,
\nlike buildings, reservoirs, evaporation basins (8,6 km2) and transportation equipment.
\n1935 First harvest of industrially produced salt (approximately 6.000 tons).
\n1952 Record harvest of 41.882 tons of salt (Fig. 3).
\n1959 Reconstruction works and expansion of the salt-pans (9,3 km2).
\n1979 On 15 April a earthquake heavily damaged the salt-pans and the Solana\u2019s other
\ninfrastructur.
\n1980 Reconstruction of evaporation basins which had been damaged by the earthquake
\nand expansion of the salina by including adjoining marshlands, called Kneta
\n(14,5 km2).
\n2003 The Solana Ulcinj starts to cooperate with EuroNatur aiming to protect the unique
\necosystem of the salina and for developing the area for touristic purposes.
\n2005 Privatisation of the Solana, with major stake-holders holding more than two
\nthirds of shares.
\n19
\nFig. 3: Salt harvest in the Solana. 13 August 2004, Ulcinj, Montenegro (Photo: O. Vizi).
\nSince the first half of the 20th century the salina has a significant impact on the
\neconomy and cultural identity of the Municipality of Ulcinj. Till today the salina is a
\nsymbol for prosperity and wealth in the region (RADOVI\u0002 2008). Since 2005 the salina
\nis owned by a private company. According to impacts of the last Balkan War and the
\nembargo of former Yugoslavia by the international community on the economy of Montenegro,
\nthe Solana is in urgent need of renovation and reconstruction (REPUBLIKA CRNA
\nGORA 2005).
\n3.1.3. Climate
\nWith most rainfall during winter and early spring (Fig. 4), the long-term annual mean
\nof precipitation in Ulcinj amounts to 1.231 mm. Annual mean of air temperature averages
\nto 19,9 \u00b0C, with annual means of minimum and maximum temperatures varying
\nbetween 12,2 \u00b0C and 32,3 \u00b0C, respectively. Strong southerly winds, locally known as
\njugo, and inland winds (bura) occur mainly during winter. Across the year annual means
\nof sunshine per month average to 2.567 hours, which is the highest value in Montenegro
\n(HIDROMETEOROLOSKI ZAVOD CRNE GORE 2003).
\nRegional climates throughout the Bojana-Buna River\u2019s catchment area differ widely.
\nWhile along the coast of the Adriatic Sea a typical Mediterranean climate with hot
\nand dry summers till September\/October prevails, the climate in the mountainous hinterlands
\nof the delta is of the Continental-Mediterranean type. The latter is characterized
\nby hot summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. According to topography,
\ndistance from sea and altitude, annual means of rainfall vary between 2.500\u20133.000 mm
\nin the mountains of the Dinaric Karst, 1.600\u20132.000 mm in the basin of Lake Skadar
\nand 1.200\u20131.300 mm in the Bojana-Buna Delta (NIKOLI\u0002 1999, HIDROMETEOROLOSKI ZAVOD
\nCRNE GORE 2003). Some 75 % of all precipitation is falling during the period bet20
\nween October\u2013May. The mean of air temperature around Lake Skadar amounts to
\n15 \u00b0C, along the coast of the Adriatic Sea to 16 \u00b0C, and in the mountains of the Bojana-
\nBuna River\u2019s catchment area to 2\u201310 \u00b0C (cf. KARAMAN & BEETON 1981; www.britannica.
\ncom\/ebi\/article-229097; www.discover-montenegro.com\/Climate).
\nA weather station of the Hydro-Meteorological Institute of Montenegro (HIDROMETEOROLOSKI
\nZAVOD CRNE GORE 2003), which is incorporated in the international network
\nof meteorological stations, is situated within the Solana Ulcinj (see www.meteo.cg.yu,
\nwww.westwind.ch and www.wunderground.com\/cgi-bin\/findweather\/getForecast?query=ulcinj).
\nThe station, whose data are updated in one-hour intervals, is placed between the factory
\nbuildings and Porta Milena.
\nFig. 4: Long-term means of
\nprecipitation per month (mm) in
\nthe Solana Ulcinj, Montenegro
\n(HIDROMETEOROLOSKI ZAVOD CRNE
\nGORE 2003).
\n3.1.4. Protection status and strategies4
\nThe Solana Ulcinj is a private property. According to the reorganisation plan for the salina,
\nprepared by the Republic of Montenegro in 2005, the area is formally protected
\nas a Nature Park (REPUBLIKA CRNA GORA 2005). Although several species of plants and
\ntheir habitats which occur in the salina, are strictly protected under the Nature Act
\n(2008) of the country, under the same act the salina per se, has no legal protection status.
\nIn 2007 Velika Pla\u017ea and the Solana Ulcinj (2839,46 ha) have been designated
\nas Emerald Site 11 \u201cVelika Pla\u017ea with Solana Ulcinj\u201d by the joint meeting of the Ecological
\nNetworks Committee of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg (EMERALD 2007). Based
\non the habitat types described by SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. (2006b) the whole area
\nof the Solana was included into the site as well as some important coastal habitats
\nalong Velika Pla\u017ea and in the surroundings of the salina. Based on criteria of the Natura
\n2000 Network and of the Berne Convention the final report lists, (1) mud flats, sand
\nflats, lagoons (including the salina\u2019s evaporation basins) and (2) salt marshes, salt pastures
\nand salt steppes as the most important habitat types of the salina (EMERALD 2007).
\n4 For including current decisions concerning the legal status of the Solana this chapter was updated
\ntill late September 2008.
\n21
\nFor protecting the country\u2019s environment and natural heritage the Ministry for Economic
\nDevelopment and the Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Protection of the
\nGOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO (2007), have agreed to follow the \u201eActivities
\nand Deadlines\u201d of the Strategy for Integrated Coastal Area Management in 2007 as
\nfollows:
\n\u201c1.1.1 Drafting of feasibility studies for putting under protection new protected
\nareas at the coast (priorities: a. Marine areas: Platamuni, island Old Ulcinj and islands
\nKati\u0003; b. Continental areas: Tivatska solila, Solana, \u0160asko Lake, Knete and
\nAda Bojana, Buljarica, part of Velika Pla\u017ea towards Ada Bojana, Lu\u0161tica) (2008\u2013
\n2009).\u201d
\nAccording to the currently approbated Nature Act of the Republic of Montenegro,
\nfor all protection areas of the country a MP will be needed. The Solana Ulcinj is the first
\nsite for which a MP has been prepared in cooperation with local stake-holders. In addition,
\nEuroNatur and CZIP have prepared the Ramsar Information Sheet for the area,
\ntranslated it into local language and offered it to the Ministry of Tourism and Environment
\nand the Institute for Nature Protection in Podgorica for nominating the salina as
\na Ramsar site.
\nIn the new Spatial Plan of Montenegro (MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2008)
\nthe Solana Ulcinj is listed as an important representative of the most characteristic
\nlandscapes of the country. From a whole of 21 basic landscape units which the Ministry
\nhas recognized, the Solana is included in \u201eunit (5) Bojana River Valley, Zoganjsko
\nMud, Solana Ulcinj and \u0160asko Lake\u201d (p. 47). The Ministry\u2019s report (p. 47) further
\nstates: \u201eVariety of landscapes is of great value and represents the richness of any country.
\nIn Montenegro this diversity appeared in a combination of exceptional natural values
\nalongside with different local traditions in spatial use, which resulted from reflections
\nof cultural-historical and socio-economic circumstances.\u201d The Solana is a good
\nexample for a landscape unit which is harbouring outstanding natural values and reflects
\nthe cultural-historical and socio-economic circumstances of the region (RADOVI\u0002
\n2008).
\nThe termination of industrial and military activities along the Albanian border will
\nfurther provide potentials for the establishment of new tourist zones in coastal areas
\n(MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2008: 154). Most probably the Solana Ulcinj will
\nbe included into the proposed tourist zone. \u201eThe development of tourist accomodations
\nalong the coast has to be handled with extraordinary care because the carrying capacity
\nof the municipalities in this region is already almost exhausted.\u201d The development of
\ntourist accomodations will be focused \u201ein the area of Ulcinj municipality in the locations:
\nValdanos, Velika Pla\u017ea with its deep hinterland, and also Solana and Ada Bojana
\nwith respect to sustainable principles and natural values\u201d (MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
\n2008).
\nThus, the present MP offers a good basis for the future development of nature tourism
\nin the Solana Ulcinj, which is based on sustainable development principles and
\n22
\nthe preservation of its natural values. As the habitats in the salina are protected as a
\nEmerald Site, nature tourism is the only option for development inside the area of the
\nSolana.
\nThe new Spatial Plan of Montenegro additionally proposes to protect the Bojana-
\nBuna Delta (cf. SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b) as a National Park by \u201eexpanding borders
\nof the National Park Skadarsko jezero (Skadar Lake) to the Regional Park Rumija
\nor the area of \u0160asko Lake\/the River Bojana Delta\u201d (MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
\n2008: 174). The Solana Ulcinj and its surrounding landscapes will be an invaluable
\nasset for the proposed protection area and the most favourable site for bird-watching.
\n3.2. Salt production
\nThe annual cycle of salt production in the Solana Ulcinj starts in late April, i.e. between
\n24\u201330 April during the last years. Initially seawater with concentrations of up to
\n29 grams NaCl\/litre (3,5\u00b0 Be) is pumped into the evaporation basins from a depth of
\n6 m in the Adriatic Sea off Porta Milena by a 3 km long channel. With the help of two
\npumping stations (total capacitiy 3.000 litres-s), 1st grade evaporation basins (4,2 km2)
\nare filled within 15 days (Fig. 5). In the basins of the 1st evaporation grade seawater
\nflows passively by gravitation from one basin to the other. Water depths vary between
\n20\u201360 cm, with maxima up to 100 cm. The area of 1st grade evaporation basins,
\nwhich was constructed in 1980 and represents the most recently constructed part of
\nthe salina, is locally called Kneta (Fig. 5). Older 1st grade basins, which have been
\nconstructed during the 1920s, include the pans Stojski 1 and Stojski 2. Together both
\nlater basins cover a total area of 3,2 km2. When fully filled, water in Stojski 1 & 2 is
\naround 30 cm deep.
\nFig. 5: Nomenclature of basins (salt-pans) of different evaporation grades and local names for
\ndifferent parts or salt-pans in the Solana Ulcinj.
\n23
\nWhen leaving the 1st evaporation grade salt concentration has increased to
\n55 grams NaCl\/litre (7\u00b0 Be), which is almost twice the salinity of seawater (Fig. 6). Filling
\nof 2nd grade evaporation basins, which cover 3,2 km2 of the former inland lagoon,
\ntakes another 12\u201315 days (basins Zoganjski 1 & 2, which together cover 44 ha, are
\nnot functional). With water depth fluctuating between 20\u201330 cm, salinity in 2nd grade
\nbasins reaches up to 115 grams NaCl\/litre (12\u00b0\u201314\u00b0 Be). In the 3rd grade evaporation
\narea (0,6 km2) salt concentration is 172 grams NaCl\/litre (19\u00b0 Be), while it finally reaches
\nup to 218 grams NaCl\/litre (24\u00b0 Be) in 4th grade basins (0,2 km2). In both latter
\nsections water depth varies between 10\u201320 cm. Brine is directed from 3rd into 4th grade
\nevaporation basins by another pumping station (cf. Fig. 36). Finally, the crystallisation
\nof common salt takes place in very shallow waters with salt concentrations
\n\u0006 235 grams NaCl\/litre (25,8\u00b0\u201327,0\u00b0 Be) in small crystallisation pans (0,8 km2).
\nIndustrial salt is harvested till the first half of September, but in some years, like
\nin 2004, as late as early November. During the whole cycle of salt production, seawater
\ncontinues to flow into the salina; the inflow of water will be interrupted only during
\nextended periods of rain. The process of salt crystallisation starts after all basins in the
\nsalina have been refilled with seawater or saline waters in late May. From June onwards,
\nthe water surface in the salina as well as salt concentrations in basins of different
\nevaporation grades are stable.
\nAt the northern edge of the salina two reservoir complexes are situated (Accumulation
\n1 & 2). In the reservoirs brine with salt concentrations of 74 grams NaCl\/litre
\n(8\u00b0\u20139\u00b0 Be) and 174 grams NaCL\/litre (17\u00b0\u201323\u00b0 Be) is stored. Brine from both reservoirs
\nis used to trigger the crystallisation process in last grade evaporation basins in
\nspring, before saline waters from 1st and 2nd grade basins reach the basins of the 3rd
\nevaporation grade (see Fig. 6 and 7).
\nFig. 6: Salt concentration in basins of different evaporation grades in the Solana Ulcinj.
\n24
\nSeawater and saline waters are flowing between basins, within as well as between
\nbasins of different evaporation grades, in > 2 m wide canals. The network of canals
\nwhich connect the salt-pans, follows the longest possible route through the salina
\n(Fig. 7). The total length of the Solana\u2019s levees is calculated at 130 km, with 78,6 km
\nof them > 2 m wide, and 16,6 km of canals < 2 m wide. In addition, the salina is surrounded by an outer drainage canal, which is also in the possession of the Solana (GOMILAINOVI\u0002 et al. 1988; SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b). 3.3. The Solana as habitat The high species diversity of the Solana\u2019s fauna and flora as well as the shear extent of its salt habitats are unique in the eastern Adriatic region: The salina in Ulcinj is the most important wintering, resting and nesting site for a number of species of waterbirds along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. In addition, situated on the Montenegrin side of the Bojana-Buna Delta, the salina is surrounded by almost undisturbed alluvial forests, marshlands, meadows and pasturelands. Most of the Bojana-Buna Delta\u2019s grasslands are traditionally used for hay making or by grazing of domestic cattle with low human impact. With large areas of wetland habitats which surround the salina, still existing much of the former Zoganjsko Jezero is still preserved. In the salina the levees of Jezero 1 & 2 clearly follow the shoreline of the former inland lagoon (Plate 1). Fig. 7: The flow of seawater and saline waters through the salt-pans of the Solana Ulcinj. Arrows indicate the direction of waterflow. 25 3.3.1. General information The principal function of the ecosystem of the former Zoganjsko Jezero, whose hydrological cycle was characterized by floodings during winter and periodic droughts during summer, is maintained in the salina\u2019s evaporation basins (1.383 ha) by the annual cycle of salt production. Currently, 122,1 ha of dikes, levees and an unused basin are covered by grasslands, while stands of halophytes cover 60,2 ha of the basins, reed beds 8,0 ha in basins and canals, Tamarix scrubs and softwood 13,0 ha on dikes, levees and in the unused salt-pan, which is called \u201eMeadow\u201d. In addition, 55,0 ha above stony grounds on dams and levees are covered by pioneer vegetation. Dikes are grazed by free-roaming cattle, sheep and goats or burned during summer. A continuous flow of sea- and rainwater through the salt-pans and the presence of permanent waters are important factors for maintaining the biological diversity of the salina: A third of its total surface area is regularly flooded or permanently covered by water, like Jezero 1 & 2 \u2013 both remnants of the former inland lagoon \u2013, parts of Kneta, Accumulation 1 & 2, and most canals. In particular, open, but regularly flooded mudflats in the evaporation basins are very characteristic for the salina (Fig. 8). The Solana\u2019s mudflats represent a habitat type which is extremely rare along the predominantly rocky shores of the eastern Adriatic Sea. While most floodlands in the river mouths and deltas along the 800 km long coastline between northern Italy and Montenegro have been drained and heavily urbanized during the last century. The structural and chemical diversity as well as the spatial and temporal variability of the open water bodies is essential for the maintenance of the biological diversity Fig. 8: Periodically flooded mudflats with extensive stands of Salicornia herbacea are characteristic for Jezero 1. 22 July 2004, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: O. Vizi). 26 of the salina. The ecosystems of shallow waters and periodically flooded mudflats are characterized by the production of large biomasses of arthropods and other invertebrates. Both, the area\u2019s high species diversity and high abundances of arthropods, crustaceans and marine mollusks are responsible for large numbers of birds which nest, overwinter or rest during spring and autumn migration in the salina. 3.3.2. Fauna 3.3.2.1. Mammals Currently, no detailed studies on the mammal fauna of the Solana are available. In 2005 tracks of Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) were found in the main canal, 400 m ahead of pumping station no. 16. We regularly noted large numbers of otter spraints along the Bojana-Buna River and in its river mouth close to the Solana. During bird surveys, since 2003 the EuroNatur team has further confirmed the presence of Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Golden Jackal (Canis aureus), Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus) and Gleaner Mouse (Mus spicilegus) in the salina. Besides dikes, both canids use dried-out basins and shallowly flooded salt-pans for foraging. In one occasion a Golden Jackal was encountered in a mixed-species breeding colony of Black-winged Stilts and Collared Pratincoles, while it was heavily attacked by the birds. The Solana further appears to be important for bats (Chiroptera). The new observation tower, erected by EuroNatur, was almost immediately accepted by bats for roosting. But more research on mammals in the area is needed. 3.3.2.2. Birds Birds are the best studied taxon in the Bojana-Buna Delta and the Solana Ulcinj (VASI\u0002 1979, PUZOVI\u0002 2002, STUMBERGER et al. 2005). From a total of some 250 species, which are on record for the Bojana-Buna Delta, more then 70 or 28 % protected under the Bird Directive of the European Union. Breeding birds: During 2003 \u2013 2006 we recorded a whole of 55 species of birds which breed in the Solana, i.e. almost the half of all breeding species known for the Bojana- Buna Delta (STUMBERGER et al. 2005). For eight species the salina is the only nesting site in Montenegro (see Appendix 2). The population numbers since 1988 for the waterbirds, breeding in the salina, are summarized in Tab. 1. Wintering waterbirds: According to mid-winter counts (IWC) conducted by EuroNatur since 2003, during January 2004 \u2013 2006 the Solana was frequented by 12.354, 16.879 and 17.157 waterbirds, most of it waders. Autumn migration: IWC data indicate that population numbers during autumn migration are comparable to total numbers of mid-winter counts. In November 2003\u20132006, 14.281, 10.134, 18.510 and 10.831 waterbirds, again mainly waders, were counted in the salina. Besides waders, in November large numbers of herons, Pygmy Cormorants and Dalmatian Pelicans \u2013 the latter according to WPE3 reaching the 3 % threshold of the Ramsar Convention \u2013 were present. 27 Tab. 1: Population numbers of waterbirds nesting in the Solana Ulcinj (minimum \u2013 maximum bp.). Species Year 1988* 2000** 2003*** 2005*** 2006*** Common Shelduck 5 1 – 5 1 – 7 Garganey 2 – 3 0 – 1 Mallard 0 – 1 Northern Shoveler 1 1 – 3 Common Moorhen 1 Eurasian Oystercatcher 1 1 1 – 3 Black-winged Stilt 100 1 82 – 106 40 – 100 80 – 130 Pied Avocet 7 1 0 – 2 Stone-curlew 30 7 – 9 > 6 6 – 16
\nCollared Pratincole 75 – 90 28 – 81 100 80 – 95
\nLittle Ringed Plover ? 3 – 11 5 1 – 3
\nKentish Plover 50 30 44 – 52 30 – 50 30 – 40
\nRedshank 44 – 60 35 – 40 4 – 60
\nSlender-billed Gull 0 – 2
\nYellow-legged Gull 25 26 30 – 50 30 – 51
\nLittle Tern 80 – 90 6 97 – 133 90 – 120 100 – 150
\nCommon Tern 8 24 – 26 33 – 60 50 – 80
\nCaspian Tern 0 – 5
\nCommon Kingfisher ? ? ? ? 3 – 5
\nTotal 333 – 368 70 329 – 480 374 – 546 436 – 649
\n* PUZOVIC et al. 1992, ** SAVELJIC 2002, *** EuroNatur (unpubl. data)
\nSpring migration: With a peak count of 32.336 waterbirds in March 2006, the Solana
\nrepresents a key resting site for migrating waterbirds along the eastern coast of the Adriatic
\nSea during spring migration. Again waders are dominant, but in contrast to autumn
\nmigration and winter large numbers of ducks are present in spring (see 3.4., Criterion
\n5).
\nDalmatian Pelican: In late summer and autumn the salina offers adequate feeding and
\nroosting conditions for Globally Threatened Dalmatian Pelicans. Since 2003 we noted
\nmaximum numbers around 50 birds, with a peak of 99 pelicans in October 2007. Each
\nyear the species was present for at least four months between August\u2013November. In
\naddition to autumn and winter visitors, during the species\u2019 nesting season we regularly
\nnoted small feeding flocks of 2\u20135 pelicans. According to time of season, behaviour and
\n28
\nflight directions we suppose that the later birds belong to the local nesting population
\nat Lake Skadar (SAVELJI\u0002 et al. 2004). Resightings of colour-ringed Dalmatian Pelicans
\nindicate that, during late summer and autumn, the salina is frequented by birds which
\noriginate from coastal nesting sites in Albania and the Gulf of Amvrikakos in western
\nGreece. While up to now we recorded no birds from inland colonies in Mazedonia and
\nGreece, together with birds from Lake Skadar, Dalmatian Pelicans which winter in the
\nSolana Ulcinj, represent the westernmost \u2013 and a probably discrete \u2013 (sub)population.
\nSince April 2003, we have noted most pelicans in basins of the 1st and 2nd evaporation
\ngrade, while in 3rd grade evaporation basins the birds were seen only along canals
\nduring low water-level (Fig. 9). By evidence, the species prefers the larger, more
\nopen salt-pans, and adjoining dams and levees, which are not overgrown by tamarisk
\nand other shrubs. The open character of the latter may help pelicans to avoid terrestrial
\npredators and human disturbances (Fig. 10). Night-time roosting sites, which were
\nused for longer periods of at least 2\u20133 weeks since 2003, are located in Stojski 1 & 2,
\nJezereo 1, and \u2013 in some cases, after the birds had been heavily disturbed during the
\nday by hunters and bird shooting \u2013 in basins no. 6, 8 and 9 of the Kneta. Aside of the
\nbasins of the highest evaporation grade, and when undisturbed by hunting activities,
\nDalmatian Pelicans use almost the whole salina for feeding, resting and roosting.
\nFig. 9: Maximum numbers of Dalmatian Pelicans (Pelecanus crispus) recorded per basin in the
\nSolana Ulcinj, 2003 \u2013 2008 (n = 507).
\nCormorants, herons and ibises: Up to 838 bp. of colonially breeding waterbirds, i.e.
\nPygmy and Great Cormorant, Black-crowned Night Heron, Squacco Heron, Little Egret,
\nGrey Heron, Purple Heron, and Eurasian Spoonbill, currently nest in the immidiate surroundings
\nof the salina. Significant numbers of cormorants, herons and spoonbills breed
\non Paratuk and Ada Islands, and in the marshlands of Velipoja Reserve in Albania
\n(STUMBERGER et al. 2005, SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b). In addition, in spring Glossy
\n29
\nIbises are regularly present on Paratuk Island, but up to now we found no active nests
\nof the species. Although, currently no breeding colony exists in the salina, the salt-pans
\nand canals of the Solana represent the most important feeding habitats for colonial waterbirds,
\nwhich nest throughout the floodplains of the lower Bojana-Buna River (Plate 3).
\nThe diet of most colonial waterbirds, like cormorants, herons and spoonbills, consists
\nof fish, small mammals, insects, mollusks, and other aquatic invertebrates, which are
\nabundant in the salina.
\nGreater Flamingo: In spring each year flamingos are reported by Solana\u2019s employees
\nand local hunters. Usually small flocks of up to 10 Greater Flamingos are present (cf.
\nPUZOVI\u0002 1994). Between March and May 2006 a small flock spent the whole spring in
\nthe area. In autumn 2006 a colour-ringed bird was seen, who originated from the breeding
\ncolony Salinas de la Trinitat in Spain\u2019s Ebro Delta (JOHNSON & C\u00c9ZILLY 2007). Since
\n2003 we noted Greater Flamingos while feeding in Jezero 1 & 2, Stojski 2, basin
\nno. 17, and in crystallisation basins (see enumeration of basins in Fig. 31). Flamingos
\nuse special techniques for filtering large numbers of small invertebrates, in particular
\nbrine shrimps of the genus Artemia, from brackish and saline waters. During winter,
\nwhen adult brine shrimps are not available, flamingos feed on chironomid larvae, tubificid
\nworms, small mollusks, and the eggs (cysts) of Artemia shrimps (SADUL et al.
\n1998, JOHNSON & C\u00c9ZILLY 2007).
\nDucks: Like in other freshwater and brackish marshland habitats of the Bojana-Buna
\nDelta, ducks breed only in very small and largely scattered numbers in the salina. Presumably,
\nthe main reasons are uncontrolled hunting, shooting and other human disturbances.
\nDuring migration and winter eight species, mainly dabbling ducks, like Eurasian
\nWigeon, Northern Pintail, Common Teal, and Garganey, are regularly present. Peak
\nFig. 10: Group of Dalmatian Pelicans (Pelecanus crispus) resting on the Solana\u2019s inner main
\ndam. 1 November 2005, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: P. Sackl).
\n30
\nnumbers with up to 11.000 ducks were counted during mass stop-overs of Gargeneys
\nin March (Fig. 11; cf. also Appendix 5). Dabbling ducks feed mainly on water plants,
\nlike Ruppia sp., by \u2018tipping-over\u2019 in shallow waters and pulling plants out from water
\nwith their bills. In the salina we regularly saw ducks foraging on aquatic plants and insect
\nlarvae in evaporation basins covered by shallow water. During winter most ducks
\nuse the salina for daytime roosting, but fly out for feeding during dusk.
\nWaders: Between 50\u201370 % of all waterbirds, which we have counted in the salina since
\n2003, belong to this group. The most abundant species with maximum numbers of
\n> 1.000 birds are Northern Lapwing, Dunlin, Ruff, Common Snipe, Black-tailed Godwit,
\nSpotted and Common Redshank (see Appendix 5). In winter large numbers of Dunlin,
\nNorthern Lapwing, Common Snipe and Eurasian Golden Plover feed in the shallow
\nwaters and mudflats of the salt-pans. Maximum numbers are normally present in March,
\nwhen the Solana hosts up to 20.000 waders. A lower peak in early May with up to
\n2.300 birds consists mainly of Curlew Sandpiper (Fig. 12).
\nFig. 12: Seasonal fluctuation of
\ntotal numbers of waders in the
\nSolana Ulcinj, 2003 \u2013 2007 (24
\ncounts). * no counts available.
\nFig. 11: Seasonal fluctuation of
\ntotal numbers of waterfowl in
\nthe Solana Ulcinj, 2003 \u2013 2007
\n(24 counts). * no counts available.
\n31
\nOther Non-Passerines and passerines: Besides waterfowl and waders, we have noted
\nan additional number of 36 species of non-passerines which breed in the Solana or use
\nthe area during migration (see also VASI\u0002 1979). A group of predominantly insectivorous
\nspecies, which are endangered in most of their former western and central European
\nbreeding range, is of particular conservation concern: Lesser Kestrel (former nesting
\nspecies in the salina, but currently a rare migrant visitor), Little Owl (1\u20132 bp.),
\nEuropean Roller (0\u20131 bp.), Eurasian Hoopoe (2\u20133 bp.), and European Bee-eater (0\u2013
\n5 bp.). Passerines, who breed regularly and in good numbers in the salina, include
\nCrested Lark, Barn Swallow, Red-rumped Swallow, House Martin, Tawny Pipit, Yellow
\nWagtail (ssp. feldegg), Great Reed Warbler, Zitting Cisticola, Spanish Sparrow (Fig. 13)
\nand Corn Bunting. During migration and winter large numbers of Meadow Pipit, Yellow
\nWagtail (maxima of > 1.000 birds\/day), European Robin, Whinchat, Moustached
\nWarbler, Spotted Flycatcher, Golden Oriole and Reed Bunting were noted on dams, in
\nreed beds and in the mudflats of the salina. But for a more comprehensive assessment
\nof the importance of the area for migrating and wintering passerines additional field
\nwork will be needed.
\nFig. 13: Male Spanish Sparrow (Passer hispaniolensis) feeding chicks in the Solana\u2019s observation
\ntower. 18 June 2007, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: P. Sackl).
\n3.3.2.3. Fishes
\nThe only document concerning the fish fauna of the salina which is currently availabe,
\nis a list of 18 species, which was prepared by Montenegrin experts for the 1st EuroNatur
\nworkshop in November 2003 (Appendix 3). By comparing this list with the respective
\nlist of fish species which have been recorded in the Bojana-Buna River ecosystem
\n(SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b), we expect that much more species may be present in
\n32
\nthe salina. Because the outer drainage canal, which surrounds the Solana, is still connected
\nwith adjoining marshlands and the Bojana-Buna River, even some endangered
\nspecies may exist in the area (cf. SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b).
\n3.3.2.4. Brine shrimps (Anostraca)
\nWorldwide brine shrimps of the genus Artemia (family Artemiidae) are known from
\nabout 500 natural and artificial salt lakes and salinas (DUMONT 2004). Artemia shrimps
\nare adapted to aquatic habitats of high salinity of 70\u2013250 grams NaCl\/litre, which
\nare free of fishes, and other vertebrate and invertebrate competitors or predators. In saline
\nlakes and ponds brine shrimps may occur from the first inundation, when salt concentration
\nis low, up to the point of saturation. Because Artemia shrimps are incapable
\nof active dispersion, wind and waterbirds, particularly flamingos, are the most important
\nnatural dispersion vectors. Brine shrimps colonize new habitats by eggs (cysts)
\nshed freely into water, and which manage to adhere themselves to the feet or feathers
\nof waterbirds. For the case to be ingested, cysts are able to remain intact for at least a
\ncouple of days within the digestive tract of birds (DUMONT 2004).
\nLike in other natural and artificial salt lakes of the Balkan Peninsular, in the Solana
\nUlcinj the species Artemia parthenogenetica is known to occur (LEVENS & SORGELOOS
\n1996). In October 1999 HEGEDIS et al. (in lit.) investigated the population numbers and
\nbiomass production of the Solana\u2019s native Artemia shrimps. With a total biomass of
\n24,2 tons, i.e. 54,2 grams\/m3, the population density and biomass production of brine
\nshrimps in the salina is exceptionally high.
\n3.3.2.5. Insects
\nFew data concerning the insect fauna of the salina exist. Occasional observations,
\nwhich we noted mainly during bird surveys for EuroNatur, indicate seasonally fluctuating,
\nbut sometimes large numbers of some grasshoppers (Orthoptera), like Anacridium
\naegyptiacum, Locusta migratoria, Oecanthus pellucens, Xya cf. variegata, and Pteronemobius
\nheydenii. During spring and summer large numbers of butterflies (Lepidoptera)
\nwere noted along dams, while in late summer and autumn we saw large numbers
\nof dragonflies (Odonata) along canals and in the low halophytes of some basins. In
\n2006 and 2007 numerous monarch butterflies of the species Danaus chrysippus
\n(Nymphalidae) were present in the halophyte vegetation of evaporation basins.
\n3.3.2.6. Mollusca
\nLike other invertebrate taxa, the mollusca fauna of the salina is poorly studied. During
\na preliminary study of the benthos fauna of the salt-pans in September 2000, BOROVI\u0002
\n& SAVELJI\u0002 (unpubl. data) found marine gastropoda of the genus Nassa (family Nassariidae)
\nin 1st grade evaporation basins and in evaporation II as well as the introduced bivalve
\nTapes philippinarum in evaporation I\u2013IV. In addition, a population of the autochthonous
\nmussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was confirmed in evaporation IV.
\n33
\n3.3.3. Flora
\nA whole of 114 species of plants is on record for the Solana (Appendix 4). Aside of extensive
\nstands of halophytes and reeds of the type Phragmition communis W. KOCH,
\ntraditionally used meadows, pastures and different plant communities dominated by
\npioneer plants exist on levees, dams, and in most basins. On several levees VUKSANOVI\u0002
\n& PETROVI\u0002 (2004) noted the taxon Beta vulgaris ssp. maritime which was originally
\ndescribed from Montenegro in 1913, and is actually known in the country from only
\none other location. Aside of a number of other orchids, VUKSANOVI\u0002 & PETROVI\u0002 (2004)
\nnoted Ophyrs bertollonii, a species which is strictly protected in Montenegro. On some
\ndikes and levees extensive stands of Orchis laxiflora and Narcissus tazetta exist. The
\nlater species also occurs in large numbers in meadows in the hinterlands of Velika
\nPla\u017ea. Concerning the international importance of the plant communities of the salina,
\nsee Criterion 2 in chapter 3.4.
\n3.4. International importance
\nWith > 1.000 ha the Solana Ulcinj is one of the largest salinas, which are currently in
\nactive operation in the eastern Mediterranean region (SADUL et al. 1998). Following
\nrules of the Ramsar Convention the significance of the Solana Ulcinj for waterbirds and
\nother species is summarized as follows:
\nCriterion 1: According to the European Union\u2019s Habitat Directive 92\/43\/EEC and the
\nEmerald Network, established under the Convention on the Conservation of European
\nWildlife and Natural Habitats (Berne Convention), the area is situated within the Mediterranean
\nbiogeographic region. Following the delimitations of the European Ecological
\nRegion concept (DMEER), the Solana is situated within the Illyrian Deciduous Forest
\nregion. Within both concepts, the shear extent of the salina\u2019s brackish and saline wetland
\nhabitats is unique for the respective biogeographic region. The Solana Ulcinj is an
\noutstanding example for an operational salina at the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
\nIn addition, during seasonal floodings of the Bojana-Buna River, the salina is a functional
\nelement for natural water retention in the lower Bojana-Buna river valley.
\nCriterion 2: Refering to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2006) the proposed
\nRamsar site supports the Critically Endangered Slender-billed Curlew (last sighting
\n2005), the Endangered Lake Scutari Water Frog (Rana shqiperica), a recently described
\nspecies of green or water frogs (Ranidae) which is endemic to Lake Skadar and the
\nlowlands of northern Albania (Fig. 14), and three bird species assessed as Vulnerable
\n(Tab. 2).
\nApart of the Solana Ulcinj, stands of halophytes in comparable size exist in the
\nRepublic of Montenegro only in the abandoned salina of Tivat (Boka Kotorska). While
\nin other parts of the country as well as along most of the eastern coast of the Adriatic
\nSea (HORVAT et al. 1974), only few and largely fragmented stands of euryhaline plant
\ncommunities remain (S. VUKSANOVI\u0002 in SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b). The preservati34
\non of the Solana\u2019s euryhaline plant communities depends on the annual cycle of salt
\nproduction and a careful management of the area. The salina further harbours a endemic
\nplant community, Salicornietum herbaceae, which was recently described by
\nJANKOVI\u0002 & STEVANOVI\u0002 (1983).
\nFig. 14: Green frog with characteristics of the recently described Lake Scutari Water Frog (Rana
\nshqiperica HOTZ, UZZELL, G\u00dcNTHER, TUNNER & HEPPICH, 1987). 6 May 2006, Gjo-Lulit, Albania
\n(Photo: T. Petras-Sackl).
\nSpecies Conservation status
\nAmphibia
\nLake Skutari Water Frog EN – B1ab(iii)
\nBirds
\nDalmatian Pelican VU – A2ce + 3ce
\nLesser White-fronted Goose VU – A2bcd + 3bcd
\nGreater Spotted Eagle VU – C1
\nSlender-billed Curlew CR – C2a(ii), D
\nTab. 2: Conservation status of
\nspecies listed in the IUCN
\nRed List of Threatened
\nSpecies (2006).
\nEN = Endangered,
\nVU = Vulnurable,
\nCR = Critically Endangered.
\nCriterion 3: In comparison to other wetlands in the Republic of Montenegro and the
\nBalkan Penisular, the Solana Ulcinj harbours a unique assemblage of freshwater, brackish
\nand saline wetland habitats. Apart of the high diversity of bird species (PUZOVI\u0002
\n2002, STUMBERGER et al. 2005), some other vertebrates, like Mediterranean Killifish
\n(Aphanius fasciatus), have their strongholds at the eastern coast of the Adratic Sea in
\n35
\nTaxon Number of species
\nBojana\/Buna
\ndelta
\nSolana Ulcinj
\nFishes 141 22
\nAmphibians 13 ?
\nReptiles 28 ?
\nBirds 237 175
\nMammals 31 ?
\nTab. 3: Comparison of the
\nspecies diversity of birds and
\nother vertebrate taxa in the
\nBojana-Buna Delta and in the
\nSolana Ulcinj (data adapted
\nfrom SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al.
\n2006b).
\nthe Bojana-Buna Delta. A comparison of the species diversity of birds and other vertebrate
\ntaxa in the Bojana-Buna Delta (Tab. 3) indicates that the Solana Ulcinj is at both,
\nthe national and international levels, a outstanding site for the conservation of the biodiversity
\nof the western Balkan\u2019s (SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b).
\nCriterion 4: During prolonged periods of severe weather with low temperatures and\/or
\nheavy winds, large numbers of wintering waterfowl and waders are concentrated in the
\nsalina, where dams and levees offer shelter from wind, and the alkaline environment
\nprevents mudflats and shallow waters from freezing-over (cf. SACKL et al. 2006 for the
\nTivat Solila). Recent data indicate, that during adverse weather conditions in winter and
\nduring dry summer months many waterbirds, like Great White Egret and other herons,
\nmay leave Lake Skadar and other wetland habitats along the Bojana-Buna River for feeding
\nand roosting in the salina. The Solana Ulcinj is a key-site for wintering and migrating
\nwaterbirds, and for most colonial waterbirds which nest in the Bojana\/Buna River-
\nLake Skadar ecosystem (cf. Plates 3 and 4). In addition, the area is regularly visited by
\nthe most western population of Globally Threatened Dalmatian Pelican (3 % of the species\u2019
\nglobal population).
\nFig. 15: Seasonal fluctuations of
\ntotal numbers of waterbirds in
\nthe Solana Ulcinj, 2003 \u2013 2007
\n(24 counts). * no counts
\navailable.
\n36
\nSpecies WPE3 WPE4
\nPygmy Cormorant 1% 0,5%
\nDalmatian Pelican 3% 2%
\nLittle Egret 1,5% 1%
\nGreat White Egret 1% 1%
\nEurasian Spoonbill 1% 1%
\nCommon Shelduck 1% 1%
\nBlack-winged Stilt 1% 1%
\nCollared Pratincole 1% 1%
\nKentish Plover 1% 0,5%
\nGrey Plover 1% 1%
\nDunlin 1% 1%
\nBlack-tailed Godwit 3% 3%
\nSlender-billed Curlew 1% 1%
\nSpotted Redshank 1,5% 3%
\nMarsh Sandpiper 1,5% 2%
\nTab. 4: Waterbirds which reach
\nor exceed the 1 % threshold of
\nthe Ramsar Convention in the
\nSolana Ulcinj, 2003\u20132007.
\nCriterion 6: Bird species whose population numbers exceed the 1 % criterion of the
\nRamsar Convention, are listed in Tab. 4. According to occasional records of exceptionally
\ndense aggregations another three species may reach the 1 % threshold: Garganey
\n(1 %), Common Redshank (1 %) and Little Tern (1 %). Detailed data and information
\non the application of the 1 % criterion of the Ramsar Convention are summarized in
\nTab. 5.
\nThe salina is currently designated as IBA \u201eUlcinj saltpans \u2013 Ulcinjska solane\u201d (national
\ncode YU045) by BirdLife International (HEATH & EVANS 2000). The Solana is further
\nproposed to be included in the planned transfontier Biosphere Reserve \u201eSkadar
\nLake \u2013 Bojana\/Buna Delta\u201d (SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006a). In November 2005 the
\nAlbanian government established the respective protection area and has designated it
\nas Ramsar site in February 2006. In accordance with the zonation of the forthcoming
\ntransboundary conservation area, it appears to be most appropriate to nominate the
\nSolana Ulcinj as a Special Management Area, which will be included in the buffer zone
\nof the proposed Biosphere Reserve or the extended Lake Skadar National Park (cf.
\n3.1.4.).
\nCriterion 5: Between 2003\u20132006 the Solana has hosted 15.000\u201320.000 waterbirds
\nin autumn and winter. Peak numbers of up to 32.000 waterbirds\/day, mostly shorebirds
\nand ducks, are present in March during spring migration (Fig. 15). According to
\nhigh turn-over rates of some species, like Garganeys, with maxima of 1.200 birds\/hour
\narriving in the salina in spring, population numbers of waterbirds which use the salina
\nfor resting and refuelling during migration, may be much higher (EuroNatur Database).
\n37
\nSpecies Biogeographic Population Count max. 1% level Solana 1% level Solana Min. estimate 1% level
\n(2003\u20132006) WPE3 Ulcinj WPE4 Ulcinj (2003\u20132006) WPE4
\nP. pygmeus SE Europe, Turkey 485 400 1% 1000 0.5% 1000 1%
\nP. crispus Black Sea, Mediterranean (non-bre) 96 30 3% 45 2%
\nE. garzetta garzetta, C and E Europe, Black Sea, E Mediterranean (bre) 680 580 1.5% 580 1% 1000 1.5%
\nE. alba alba, C and E Europe, Black Sea, E Mediterranean (bre) 501 470 1% 470 1%
\nP. leucorodia leucorodia, C, SE Europe (bre) 112 120 1% 120 1% 200 1.5%
\nT. tadorna Black Sea, Mediterranean 620 750 near 1% 750 near 1%
\nA. penelope Black Sea, Mediterranean (non-bre) 1228 3000 0 3000 0
\nA. querquedula W Africa (non-bre) 8279 20000 0 20000 0 20000 1%
\nA. clypeata Black Sea, Mediterranean, W Africa (non-bre) 1158 4500 0 4500 0
\nH. himantopus himantopus, C and E Europe, E Mediterranean (bre) 304 340 1% 340 1% 500 1.5%
\nG. pratincola pratincola, Black Sea, E Mediterranean (bre) 300 240 1% 240 1%
\nC. alexandrinus alexandrinus, Black Sea, E Mediterranean (bre) 380 410 1% 660 0.5% 600 1%
\nP. squatarola SW Asia, E Africa (non-bre) 481 900 near 1% 900 near 1% 1000 1%
\nC. alpina alpina, W Europe (non-bre) 10503 13300 near 1% 13000 near 1%
\nC. alpina centralis, SW Asia, E Africa (non-bre) 10503 3000 3% 3000 3%
\nL. limosa limosa, E Europe (bre) 3423 1300 3% 1300 3%
\nN. tenuirostris Mediterranean basin (non-bre) 1 1 1% 1 1%
\nT. erythropus Europe (bre) 1471 1000 1.5% 530 3%
\nT. totanus totanus, E Europe (bre) 1988 3400 0.5% 3400 0.5% 3000 1%
\nT. stagnatilis Europe (bre) 500 370 1.5% 270 2% 1000 3%
\nS. caspia Europe (bre) 14 65 0 95 0 ?
\nS. albifrons albifrons, E Europe (bre) 295 960 0 880 0 600\u2013700 near 1%
\nnon-bre \/ bre = non-breeding \/ breeding
\nTab. 5: Application of 1 % criterion of the Ramsar Convention according to WPE3 (2002) and WPE4 (2006) for waterbird counts in the Solana
\nUlcinj, 2003\u20132007 (EuroNatur Database).
\n38
\n4. Management objectives
\n4.1. Main goals
\nGoal 1: The area is regulary guarded and controlled by rangers.
\nGoal 2: Main nesting sites of waterbirds are save from terrestrial predators, uncontrolled
\nflooding and human disturbances. The following minimum numbers are continuously
\npreserved in the salina:
\nDalmatian Pelican 1\u20135 bp. (former breeding species)
\nGreater Flamingo new colony established
\nBlack-winged Stilt 100 bp.
\nAvocet 2\u201310 bp.
\nSlender-billed Gull 2\u201310 bp.
\nCommon Tern 30 bp.
\nLittle Tern 100 bp.
\nGoal 3: Population numbers of birds which nest in dry grasslands and salt steppes, i.e.
\nCollared Pratincole and Stone-curlew, amount to > 100 bp. and > 10 bp., respectively.
\nGoal 4: Ducks breed again in significant numbers in the Solana, Great Bitterns regularly
\nbreed in at least 1\u20132 bp., and Common Shelduck in minimum numbers of 10 bp.
\nGoal 5: Insectivorous bird species regularly breed in following minimum numbers:
\n\u0002\u0003 Lesser Kestrel breeding colony established (former breeder)
\n\u0002\u0003 Little Owl 3 bp.
\n\u0002\u0003 European Roller 2\u20134 bp.
\n\u0002\u0003 European Bee-eater 50 bp.
\n\u0002\u0003 Eurasian Hoopoe 5\u201310 bp.
\nGoal 6: During winter the Solana regularly hosts 20.000 waterfowl and waders.
\nGoal 7: During spring migration the Solana regularly supports 40.000 resting waterbirds.
\nGoal 8: Until 2012 during the period from August\u2013November, peak numbers of Dalmatian
\nPelicans will increase to 200 birds, with minimum numbers of 100 pelicans
\nbetween September and November.
\nGoal 9: All protected or endangered plants, e.g. all species of orchids, are preserved in
\noriginal numbers, and all stands of euryhaline plant communities are preserved in its
\noriginal extent.
\nGoal 10: The Solana Ulcinj is established as a Nature or Landscape Park according to
\nIUCN category V or maintained as a Managed Protected Area (category IV) as part of a
\nlarger protection area (National Park, Regional Park or Biosphere Reserve).
\n39
\n4.2. Salt production
\nThe existing, seasonal cycle of salt production which is based on the natural evaporation
\nprocess (cf. chapter 3.2.), is acknowledged as the optimal use of the salina and the
\nfoundation of the MP.
\n4.2.1. Maintenance of dikes
\nAll dikes have to be maintained by the Solana\u2019s management as a crucial infrastructure
\nfor salt production. EuroNatur supports its maintenance with a mini excavator. The
\nopen character of dikes with scattered stands of low Tamarix shrubs, dry grasslands
\nand meadows, offers adequate nesting conditions for waterbirds and dry grassland
\nbirds as well as access to the salina for renovation and visitor activities. Existing practices
\nfor maintaining dikes include grazing by free-roaming domestic animals, cutting of
\ngrasses and renovation of damaged dams and levees.
\nConcerning the maintenance of dikes and levees, a simple classification is appropriate:
\n\u0002\u0003 Dikes without nest sites of waterbirds, which could be maintained by grazing
\ncattle or mowing
\n\u0002\u0003 Dikes with breeding colonies, which have to be maintained by active conservation
\nmanagement
\nApart of Collared Pratincole and Yellow-legged Gull, currently no colonial waterbirds
\nnest on the main dike in the northern and southern parts of the salina. Most breeding
\ncolonies are located on remnants of the old dike which separates Jezero 1 & 2. The
\nremnants of this dike, which are surrounded by open water, are inaccesible for terrestrial
\npredators, bird-watchers and other visitors. A large portion of the nest sites of waders,
\nwho currently nest on the islets, will be lost due to reconstruction work during the
\nnext years.
\nFor mitigating the loss of nest sites on the damaged dike between Jezero 1 & 2,
\nthe key priority is to maintain and to transfer the old dike in Jezero 1 into small islands
\nfor nesting waterbirds (see chapter 6.9.). In 2005 a pilot project during which parts of
\nthe old dike in Jezero 1 were transferred into artificial nesting islets, has been, with the
\nestablishment of a nesting colony of 25 bp. of Little Tern, a first success of active conservation
\nmanagement. According to current population numbers of colonially nesting
\nwaterbirds in Jezero 2 and experiences with the pilot project in Jezero 1, a whole area
\nof at least 1 ha or 800 m in length of artificial islands will be needed along the old dike
\nin Jezero 1.
\nGrazing agreements: Till 2005 up to 500 sheep and 80 cattle, owned by local stockholders
\nin Stoj and Zoganj, have been grazed along the dikes and levees of the Solana.
\nDomestic animals, which graze in the salina, belong to local breeds of Pramenka sheep
\n(Zackelschafe), like ljaba, baljusa and bardoka, and some cattle to the grey, native busha
\nstrain (Fig. 16 and 17).
\n40
\nFig. 16: The Solana\u2019s outer dam is grazed by free-roaming sheep. 25 April 2003, Solana Ulcinj
\n(Photo: P. Sackl).
\nFig. 17: Cattle grazing on the southern main dam between Kneta and Jezero 2. 24 April 2003,
\nSolana Ulcinj (Photo: B. Stumberger).
\nCurrently, signs for over-grazing are evident on the inner main dam between Evaporation
\nII and basins Zoganjski 1 & 2, and on the dikes in Kneta. The over-grazed
\ndams harbour significant nesting sites of Collared Pratincole, Stone-curlew and smaller
\nnumbers of Common Redshank. To preserve adequate nesting conditions for Collared
\n41
\nPratincoles and Stone-curlews it will be essential to maintain open grassland habitats
\nwith low vegetation which is intermingled with patches of open ground, on dams.
\nUntil 2005 grazing was practised by local people without any agreements with the
\nSolana\u2019s management, and damages of dikes caused by cattle were regularly reported.
\nIn contrast to grazing fees, it may be more praticable for keeping dikes, dams and levees
\nfree from shrubs and high grasses by cattle, to make grazing agreements with 4\u20136 local
\nstockbreeders. Although cost benefits are important for the Solana, a simple regime for
\nthe grazing of sheep and cattle should be accepted:
\n\u0002\u0003 Year-round grazing of domestic animals in the presence of shepherds is possible
\nonly on the Solana\u2019s outer dike.
\n\u0002\u0003 Grazing of inner main dams and smaller levees is possible only with free-roaming
\nanimals.
\n\u0002\u0003 During herding cattle and sheep into and back home from the salina it is not
\nallowed to cross dry salt-pans, which may potentially damage the petola layer
\nof the evaporation basins.
\n\u0002\u0003 Grazing is prohibited in all basins of the 3rd and 4th evaporation grade, and in
\ncrystallisation basins.
\nAlternatively, it may be more practicable to limit grazing by temporarly fencing-off
\nsensible areas or to limit the access of cattle to special management areas. Good examples
\nfor the latter are given by the grasslands along Porta Milena and in the unused
\nbasin called \u201eMeadow\u201d (cf. chapter 6.5.).
\nDike between crystallisation basins and Porta Milena: 11 ha of the dam, which is currently
\nheavily overgrown by low scrubs, should be managed as an extensively grazed
\npastureland (1,8 cattle\/ha). This will offer the oppurtinity to establish a nucleus herd of
\nup to 20 animals of the critically endangered Montenegrin busha cattle in vivo. By installing
\na 2,5 km long electric fence it\u2019s possible to create a pasture which is safe for
\ncattle as well as visitors. The proposed pastureland is separated from the visitor trail,
\nwhich is running along the dam, by a narrow, but deep canal. Internationally operating
\nNGOs, like the Monitoring Institute \u2013 SAVE in Switzerland and the National Institute for
\nAgriculture in Montenegro, should be contacted for help with the establishment of the
\nnucleus herd.
\nMowing: Besides grazing, mowing offers a practicable alternative for preserving low vegetation
\non dikes. In comparison to grazing, mowing will be more cost intensive in
\nterms of working time and fuel, but offers a better control of the area, and damages of
\ndikes and levees by cattle will be avoided. For the case the Solana decides to use mowing
\nfor the maintenance of main dikes and levees, the following regulations should be
\nimplemented:
\n\u0002\u0003 During the nesting season of birds, i.e. between March 1st and September 1st,
\nonly already existing tracks for vehicles on top of main dikes, which are necessary
\nfor patrolling the salina, should be mown.
\n\u0002\u0003 All other dikes and smaller levees should be mown in autumn, after salt harvest
\nis finished.
\n42
\nBurning: Burning should be used only under special circumstances and following careful
\nplanning. Burning of the dike between Jezero 2 and Zoganjski 1 in late winter till
\nMarch 10th, before birds start to nest, may be a option for creating nesting habitats for
\nCollared Pratincoles (SCHNEIDER-JACOBY & SAVELJI\u0002 2006). But, the effects of burning on
\nvegetation, habitat use and nesting success of the species has to be carefully monitored
\n(Fig. 18).
\nFig. 18: Low grasslands intermingled with patches of bare soil offer adequate habitat for Collared
\nPratincoles (Glareola pratincola) on heavily over-grazed dams. 28 April 2006, Solana
\nUlcinj (Photo: T. Petras-Sackl).
\n4.2.2. Water regime
\nAlthough the water regime and ecology of the former Zoganjsko Jezero was heavily altered
\nby the construction of the salina, the former inland lagoon is still maintained as a
\nwetland habitat. At least the extent of wetland habitats, which are permanently or periodically
\ncovered by water, in the Montenegrin part of the Bojana-Buna Delta has remained
\nunchanged during the last century. In winter, after the harvest of industrial salt
\nin late summer, most of the salina\u2019s salt-pans are free of seawater, but will be covered
\nby heavily fluctuating levels of rainwater following local rainfalls, which permanently
\nrefill the basins between October and May. In winter a minimum of one third of the saltpans
\nis permanently covered by water, while other basins, depending on local rainfall,
\nwind conditions and relief, are covered by shallowly flooded, wet or partially dried-out
\nmudflats. By their ecological function as artificially created intertidal wetland habitats,
\nthe latter basins attract large numbers of waders and of other waterbirds during migration
\nand winter.
\n43
\nBecause during winter, until a new cycle of salt production will start in late spring,
\nshallowly flooded or dried-out mudflats offer no adequate conditions for aquatic plants
\nand animals, which are not resistent to prolonged periods of desiccation, like chironomids,
\ntubificid worms, some mollusks and fish (SADUL et al. 1998), water management
\nis the most important factor which is limiting the numbers of migrating and nesting
\nwaterbirds.
\nThe Solana has offered four basins, where water levels could be managed exclusively
\nfor conservation purposes: Jezero 1, Zoganjski 1 & 2, and the basin called \u201eMeadow\u201d
\n(Fig. 19). For compensation of the proposed reconstruction of Jezero 2, which
\ncurrently harbours significant numbers of nesting waders, the appropriate management
\nof the water regime in Jezero 1 will be of great importance for colonial waterbirds.
\nMain measures for maintaining water levels in Jezero 1 which are compatible with conservation,
\nare (cf. 6.9.3.):
\n\u0002\u0003 Construction of a dam or low levee along the southern side of the former, central
\ncanal in Jezero 1 to divide the basin in two parts: Jezero 1a, with a naturally
\nfluctuating, and Jezero 1b, with an artificially controlled water level.
\n\u0002\u0003 The installation of three sluices along the dam between Jezero 1a & 1b.
\n\u0002\u0003 Installation of a year-round monitoring system and management of water levels
\nin Jezero 1b, Stojski 1 & 2 by continuously measuring water levels with
\na water-gauge.
\n\u0002\u0003 During winter (October\u2013April), i.e. between annual cycles of salt production,
\nthe existing water regime in Jezero 1 should be not artificially altered. With
\nwater covering 25\u201375 % of the basin, dikes and levees will be not damaged
\nby waves.
\nFig. 19: Map showing non-functional basins offered by the Solana\u2019s management for conservation
\nand habitat management.
\n44
\n4.2.3. Vegetation
\nOnly 8 ha of the salina\u2019s total area are covered by reeds, while associations of halophytes
\ncover 60,2 ha in salt-pans and canals. It is well known that, in comparison to
\nopen water surfaces, evapotranspiration rates are substantially higher above reed banks
\nand stands of aquatic vegetation. Therefore, it\u2019s in the Solana\u2019s interest to preserve or
\nto increase the vegetation cover in the salt-pans.
\nFor preserving the vegetation in the basins two main rules should be followed:
\n\u0002\u0003 According to their effects on evapotranspiration, reeds and other stands of semi-
\naquatic and aquatic vegetation should be not cut or burned.
\n\u0002\u0003 All stands of halophytes have to be preserved as far as possible from any damage
\nby reconstruction and renovation works (e.g. in Jezero 2).
\nFor preserving open grassland habitats and pasturelands on dikes and levees the following
\npoints are important:
\n\u0002\u0003 Regular grazing by domestic animals (see 4.2.1.) or 1\u20132 cuttings p.a.
\n\u0002\u0003 Mapping of plant communities and of all protected plant species on dikes and
\nlevees.
\nBy comparing economical aspects of grazing vs. mowing, mowing will be more expensive,
\nbut grazing has to be more closely guarded. The mapping of plant communities
\nwill help to identify segments along dams where grazing or mowing will be the better
\nor only practicable option.
\n4.2.4. Medicinal use of the salt-pans
\nFor creating additional revenues and for contributing to the development of the wellness
\nsection of tourism in the region, the Solana\u2019s management is planning to use euryhaline
\nsoils of the salt-pans for medicinal purposes. According to a preliminary study, ordered
\nby the Solana, Jezero 1 harbours the best soils for this purpose. For preserving the
\nbasin\u2019s significance for waterbirds (see chapter 6.9.) all mud should be taken:
\n\u0002\u0003 Outside the nesting season, and in small quantities only, between September
\n1st and March 1st.
\n\u0002\u0003 Close to the first hide (see Fig. 25) along the northern dike of Jezero 1.
\nWith left-overs from the extraction of mud additional islands for nesting waterbirds or
\nobservation facilities for visitors, close to the already existing hide, should be
\nconstructed.
\n4.3. Rangers
\nThe constant guarding of the salina by rangers will be the key for a successful implementation
\nof the MP. The tasks of rangers include the security of the Solana\u2019s property,
\nguarding of protected areas, and the information of visitors on flagship species, like pe45
\nlicans and flamingos, and on other natural values in the salina. Thus, the main tasks of
\nrangers include:
\nStandard route: The salina is controlled daily along the outer dam. Because sportsmen,
\nlike hunters and fishermen, regularly enter the salina illegally during dusk and dawn, it
\nis most important to patrol during evening and morning hours. For demonstrating the
\nSolana\u2019s best intention to protect the area from illegal access and bird shooting at least
\ntwo night patrols per week, two hours after sunset and two hours prior to sunrise, will
\nbe appropriate.
\nTemporary route: Temporary patrol routes cover the salina\u2019s inner dams and levees.
\nAlong temporary routes guarding should be done once a week, or even lesser, and, so
\nfar appropriate, a car could be used for patrolling. Because dams in the Kneta and in
\nsome older parts of the salina are core roosting areas for Dalmatian Pelicans, they
\nshould be used for patrolling only carefully and as less as possible.
\nControl points: For locating illegal sportsmen and other unauthorized visitors constant
\ncontrol points should be used by rangers by 30 minute stops. Patrolling routes and control
\npoints shown in Fig. 20 are selected to avoid disturbances in core conservation areas
\nand, simultaneously, to ensure the most effective patrolling of the salina.
\nIn addition to patrolling, rangers should accomplish the following activities:
\n\u0002\u0003 Counting and regular reporting on the presence of flagship species, i.e. pelicans,
\nflamingos and other waterbirds, including species, date of observation,
\nlocation (number of basin), and numbers of birds.
\n\u0002\u0003 Promptly and regular reporting to the Solana\u2019s management on all illegal activities,
\nlike shooting, hunting, fishing, unauthorized visitors, hides, rafts,
\nbridges and unauthorized fishing equipment in the outer canal by recording
\ndate, time of day, activities and numbers of people involved.
\n\u0002\u0003 Disposing of waste left on trails, on the observation tower and in hides by visitors.
\n\u0002\u0003 Helping visitors with information.
\n\u0002\u0003 Checking tickets of visitors and urging visitors not to leave trails.
\n\u0002\u0003 Guiding groups of visitors along the inner trail.
\n\u0002\u0003 Year-round monitoring of water levels in Jezero 1, Zoganjski 1, and, between
\nApril and September, in Stojski 1 & 2.
\n\u0002\u0003 Noting of all activies and observations in a diary.
\nEquipment: The standard field equipment of rangers includes a bicycle and\/or motor
\ncycle, mobile phone, binocular, note book, pens, maps showing the standard enumeration
\nof basins (Fig. 31) and a bird field guide.
\n46
\nFig. 20: Standard and temporary patrol routes of rangers.
\n4.4. Protected areas
\nThroughout the Mediterranean region, active as well as abandoned salinas are important
\nwetland habitats for nesting and migrating waterbirds (SADUL et al. 1998). In the
\nsame way, the Solana Ulcinj is a key-site for nature conservation, the sustainable use
\nof the Bojana-Buna Delta ecosystem (SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b), and for the national
\nbiodiversity strategy of the Republic of Montenegro. Accordingly, the Solana should
\nbe established as a protected wetland under IUCN category V (Protected Landscape\/
\nSeascape).
\nThe Solana further fulfills criteria of the Ramsar Convention. Besides its significance
\nas a key-site for 15.000\u201330.000 waders and other waterbirds along the Central
\nEuropean Flyway (Adriatic Flyway), and its potential to attract endangered waterbirds
\nfor nesting, like Dalmatian Pelican and Greater Flamingo, the area offers great potentials
\nfor the development of eco-tourism. For achieving both objectives, it is necessary to
\nestablish a strictly protected core conservation area in the salina, which will be prohibited
\nfor people (Fig. 21), and to implement a special habitat and species management
\nin basins, which the Solana has already offered to put permanently out of operation for
\nconservation purposes (Fig. 19).
\n47
\nFig. 21: Map showing the delimitation of the proposed core conservation area in the Solana
\nUlcinj.
\nFollowing current Montenegrin law the whole area of the salina has to be considered
\nas an industrial area, in which according to hunting regulations of the Republic
\nof Montenegro, all hunting activities are prohibited. Under the same rules, according to
\ncurrent hunting regulations of the provincial government of the Opstina Ulcinj any hunting
\nand bird shooting is strictly prohibited in the Solana. Despite legal regulations,
\nCZIP and EuroNatur have recorded a lot of illegal hunting and bird shooting by local
\nand foreign hunters in the salina and along Velika Pla\u017ea since 1999 (Fig. 22\u201323). A
\nconsiderable part of Velika Pla\u017ea is, like the Solana, protected by current Montenegrin
\nlaw (SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b, RASCHKE 2005).
\nTherefore, under Goal 1 (see chapter 4.1.) the present MP targets to (re)enforce
\nexisting regulations and to implement a strictly guarded hunting ban in the salina (see
\nchapter 4.3.).
\nFurther objectives of the proposed core conservation area in the salina are as follows:
\n\u0002\u0003 To preserve and to improve breeding conditions for colonially nesting waterbirds,
\nin particular for waders, ducks, and dry grassland birds.
\n\u0002\u0003 To preserve and to improve conditions for resting and over-wintering waterfowl
\nand shorebirds.
\n\u0002\u0003 To establish the natural and cultural heritage of the salina as an integrated
\nelement of the Solana\u2019s cooperative identity.
\n\u0002\u0003 \u0003 To develop the non-functional basins Jezero 1, Zoganjski 1 & 2, and \u201eMeadow\u201d
\nas special conservation areas, managed for nesting waterbirds and dry
\ngrassland birds (see chapter 6.).
\n48
\nFig. 22: Common Redshank (Tringa totanus) wounded by bird-shooters. January 2001, Solana
\nUlcinj (Photo: D. Savelji\u0005).
\nFig. 23: Juvenile Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) wounded by gunshots. January 2001, Solana
\nUlcinj (Photo: D. Savelji\u0005).
\n49
\n4.5. Nature tourism and environmental education
\nUntil 2006 the Solana offered a guided tour for outside visitors through its factory buildings,
\nwhich was mainly used by local schools, while visitors were generally excluded
\nfrom the salt-pans. Nature tourism and environmental education started with the cooperation
\nof the Solana with EuroNatur, and first facilities for visitors, like a visitor trail,
\nhides, and a observation tower were erected between 2005 and 2006. In spring 2006
\na exhibition was opened by EuroNatur in the Solana\u2019s new museum space in cooperation
\nwith the Natural History Museum of Montenegro in Podgorica.
\nFor promoting awareness for the salina\u2019s natural values, with help from EuroNatur,
\nthe company has organized two workshops for staff members (see chapter 2.). In the
\nfurture the presence and information responsibilities of rangers will further help to develop
\nthe educational potentials of the Solana. The salt company is an important employer
\nfor local people and an important partner for the development of tourism in the
\nregion. Aside of the economic situation of the salt market, environmental education and
\neco-tourism are new challenges for the Solana which will allow the marketing of salt
\nproducts in situ.
\n4.5.1. Information centre
\nA preliminary information centre with appropriate infrastructure, like information stands
\nand a Powerpoint projector, is already existing in the new museum of the Solana. Responsibilities
\nof the head\/guide of the information centre during guided tours for school
\nclasses and other visitor groups include:
\n\u0002\u0003 Welcome note to visitors (1 min.).
\n\u0002\u0003 Guided tour through the exhibition (10 min.).
\n\u0002\u0003 Powerpoint presentation or film, \u201cSolana \u2013 Salt is Life\u201d (10 min.).
\n\u0002\u0003 Answering questions and discussing with visitors.
\n\u0002\u0003 Guiding visitors through the factory buildings and salt-pans, and explaining
\nthe process of salt production.
\n\u0002\u0003 Guiding visitor groups along the inner trail to the observation tower.
\nConcerning the organisation of the information centre main responsibilities include:
\n\u0002\u0003 Organisation of guided tours and group visits.
\n\u0002\u0003 Regular information of the media.
\n\u0002\u0003 Keeping contact with the Solana\u2019s management and with rangers.
\n\u0002\u0003 Coordination of the visitor programme \u201cSalt Production\u201d.
\nAn important responsibility of the information centre will be to inform visitors on the
\naims, methods and the implementation of conservation activities, e.g. water-level management
\nfor waders, hunting ban, habitat management for colonial waterbirds. The
\nmain task of the information centre is to share information with the public. By doing so
\nit will be an important tool for increasing the Solana\u2019s image and for marketing its products.
\nA dynamic person, who is able to speak Monetenegrin, Albanian and English,
\nshould be posted as its head. EuroNatur is able to offer accurate training for the head
\nof the information centre and for guides.
\n50
\n4.5.2. Educational trail
\nIn the salina an inner and outer trail already exists which are both suitable for visitors,
\nwithout affecting core conservation areas. Both trails allow self-guided tours, but should
\noffer information stands for people of different ages, education and interests. The inner
\ntrail is 3,9 km long and takes a 3 hour walk. With the construction of an observation
\ntower (Fig. 24), hides, nest-boxes, nesting islets and signs since 2005, visitor facilities
\nalong the inner trail are already under active construction. The outer trail, which will
\nsurround the salina, is 17,6 km long and will take an 8 hour walk (Fig. 25). Additional
\ninfrastructure, like a bicycle trail with watch towers around the salina, has been suggested
\nby the proposed GEF project of the World Bank.
\nFor the furture along both trails additional information facilities will be needed. To
\ninform visitors on the ecological and economic values of the salina, information stands
\nexplaining water gauges, salinity and evaporation grades, pumps, canals, vegetation,
\nbirds and the management of water-levels should be erected in situ.
\nAlong both trails visitors have to accept the following rules:
\n\u0002\u0003 Access for visitors is possible only along marked trails on dikes. A simple
\nsketch of both, the inner and outer visitor trail, should be printed on entrance
\ntickets.
\n\u0002\u0003 Visiting the salina is possible only during the day (summer: 8 a. m.\u201320 p. m.,
\nwinter: 8 a. m.\u201317 p. m.).
\n\u0002\u0003 Throughout the salina camping, camp-fires and any artificial noise is prohibited.
\n\u0002\u0003 Visitors, who intend to take the outer trail on foot have to start at least 8 hours
\nbefore dusk. The entrance and checkpoint for visitors using the outer trail is
\nat basin no. 1 (refreshment stall in Fig. 25).
\nFig. 24: Construction of the central observation tower along the inner visitor trail on the dike
\nbetween Jezereo 1 and Jezero 2. 25 September 2006, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: M. Vernik).
\n51
\nFig. 25: Map of already existing visitor facilities along the inner visitor trail and the proposed
\nouter trail on the Solana\u2019s surrounding dam.
\n4.5.3. Visitor train
\nIn the salina a narrow-gauge railway exists, which was originally erected for transporting
\nsalts from crystallisation basins to the Solana\u2019s depots. This railway offers a good
\noppurtinity for an additional service for visitors. Although the railway needs renovation,
\nit could be used to connect the Solana with seaside resorts and hotels, close to the isthmus
\nof the Porta Milena channel, at Velika Pla\u017ea, which are only a few hundred metres
\naway from the salina. The visitor train, which will be unique for the Balkan region, is
\nexpected to attract many visitors from Velika Pla\u017ea, the main tourist destination in the
\noutskirts of Ulcinj.
\nThe train line should start in front of the information centre and will connect the
\nlatter directly with Jezero 1 (Fig. 26). This appears to be the best way to deal with visitor
\ngroups in the future.
\nDuring the tourist season traffic jams prevail in the city of Ulcinj and in main resorts
\nalong Velika Pla\u017ea. Therefore the idea of the visitor train, developed by EuroNatur,
\nis a challenge for the whole community which offers the potential to solve traffic and
\nmany related problems of the Ulcinj community. In addition, the proposed visitor train
\nwill help to establish the conservation image of the region. The Solana Ulcinj should
\nfind partners which are interested in the project.
\n4.5.4. Bicycle trail
\nA bicycle trail along the outer dam of the salina was already proposed by the World
\nBank\u2019s GEF project (see 4.5.2.). According to current conditions, biking on the salina\u2019s
\nouter, surrounding dam is possible only with mountain-bikes. In different segments the
\ndam is in need of smaller renovation works with bulldozers. Bike rentals in the Solana\u2019s
\ninformation\/visitor centre could be an interesting offer for tourists.
\n52
\n4.5.5. Salt festival
\nA salt festival \u201cBerba soli\u201d in the factory buildings of the Solana may be an important
\nand powerful social event for promoting the natural and cultural values of the region.
\nThe best time for a festival will be at the end of the annual salt harvest in August\/September.
\nIn the long term, tourism is the main sector that produces the greatest added
\nvalues from Marine Protected Areas (e.g. KELLEHER et al. 1995). In this way a salt festival
\nwill be a potentially powerful contribution to the development of tourism, based on
\nthe natural and cultural resources of the Bojana-Buna Delta in Montenegro and Albania.
\nThe idea has to be discussed with the Solana\u2019s staff, because they often have the
\nbest ideas for promoting their own place.
\n4.5.6. Visitor programme \u201cSalt Production\u201d
\nThe Solana Ulcinj has great experience and a long-time tradition in guiding and informing
\nvisitors on salt production in the salina. In the future a booklet, which should be
\ndeveloped by the company and should be offered to all visitors, will be needed for the
\ninformation centre. In addition, new information stands and visitor facilities will be vital
\nfor technical explanations of salt production along visitor trails (see 4.5.2.).
\n4.5.7. Regional programmes
\nNational and international cooperations of the Solana should include joint ventures and
\npromotion programmes with other protected salinas in the Mediterranean region. As
\npart of the Adriatic Flyway Project5, EuroNatur is actually preparing a nature guide for
\nFig. 26: Map of the proposed visitor train which will connect the inner trail with the Solana\u2019s
\nvisitor centre and seaside resorts at Velika Pla\u017ea in the outskirts of Ulcinj.
\n53
\nthe east coast of the Adriatic Sea which, besides the Solana Ulcinj, will include other
\nsalinas in Slovenia, Croatia and Albania. Another important site along the Adriatic Flyway
\nin Montenegro represents the abandoned salina in Tivat (Tivat Solila), which is already
\nunder protection and according to the new Spatial Plan of Montenegro in urgent
\nneed of accurate visitor management (SACKL et al. 2006).
\nAnother powerful option for both, the Solana and the Ulcinj community, is the cooperation
\nwith Shkodra and Velipoja on the Albanian side of the Bojana-Buna Delta.
\nThe proposed trans-boundary Marine Park which will incorporate all conservation areas
\nalong the Bojana-Buna river corridor between Lake Skadar and the river\u2018s mouth at the
\nAdriatic Sea, offers great potentials for the development of nature tourism, with the Solana
\nas one of the key attractions in Montenegro (SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b). In
\naddition, by incorporating the Solana Ulcinj and its information\/visitor centre into the
\nEuropean Green Belt initiative, it will be able to promote the Bojana-Buna Delta and the
\nSolana throughout Europe (ENGELS & GERLING 2006, SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006a).
\n4.6. Management of the Nature Park \u201cSolana Ulcinj\u201d
\n4.6.1. Management of the privately owned conservation area
\nThe Solana will manage the nature park with its own staff. The main activity of the
\ncompany is the production of commercial salt, which forms the basis for the preservation
\nof the natural values of the salina (see chapter 3.3.). The Solana company covers
\nall costs for the production and the maintenance of equipment which is necessary for
\nsalt production. Because the maintenance of the salt-pans was largely ignored during
\nthe last Balkan War, and after the company\u2019s insolvency 2005, the salina has to be rebuilt
\nby the new leadership of the Solana. In particular, for maintaining salt production
\na large-scale reconstruction and renovation of Jezero 2 is necessary.
\nBecause hunting, fishing and other illegal activities by outsiders have regularly
\ncaused damage and conservation problems, a private security agency is guarding the
\nproperty since spring 2007. Costs for guarding the area are paid by the Solana.
\nThe Nature Park and core conservation areas in the salina are managed by the Solana
\nin close cooperation with EuroNatur. In cooperation with Darko SAVELJI\u0002 from the
\nNational Institute for the Protection of Nature of the Republic of Montenegro, EuroNatur
\nis responsible for monitoring bird populations in the salina. Although the EuroNatur
\nteam is holding permanent meetings, so far no formal board for the implementation and
\na constant evaluation of the MP has been nominated. EuroNatur has suggested the establishment
\nof a voluntary board which should include representatives of the local com-
\n5 The Adriatic Flyway is part of the Central European Flyway of bird migration from western Eurasia
\nto Africa. In autumn large numbers of birds from eastern Europe, central and northern Asia
\nmigrate in south-western directions across the Adriatic Sea via southern Italy, Sciliy and Malta to
\nNorth Africa.
\n54
\nmunity in Ulcinj, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, the National Institute for
\nNature Protection, the Natural History Museum of the Republic of Montenegro and international
\npartners, to support the Solana with the implementation of the MP.
\nBy organizing meetings and workshops EuroNatur supports the Solana to maintain
\nand to create additional visitor facilities. During a workshop in autumn 2006, in which
\nvolunteers from BirdLife Slovenia and BirdLife Austria have participated, breeding islets
\nfor terns, observation hides and nest-boxes for Common Shelduck, European Roller and
\nBee-eaters have been erected along the inner and outer visitor trails (Fig. 27\u201329).
\nFig. 27: Construction of artificial nesting islands by employees of the Solana in Jezero 1. April
\n2004, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: B. Stumberger).
\nFig. 28: Installation of nest-boxes for Common
\nShelduck (Tadorna tadorna). April 2005, Stojski 1,
\nSolana Ulcinj (Photo: B. Stumberger).
\nFig. 29: Installation of nest-boxes for
\nEuropean Roller (Coracias garrulus) on
\nelectric poles. 29 September 2006,
\nSolana Ulcinj (Photo: M. Vernik).
\n55
\n4.6.2. Financing and entrance fees
\nEuroNatur is supporting the implementation of the MP and the Nature Park within the
\nframework of the project \u201cProtection and Sustainable Development of the \u2018Solana Bajo
\nSekuli\u0005, Ulcinj \u2013 Bojana-Buna Delta (Montenegro)\u201d, which is financed by the MAVA
\nFoundation. The assistance and cofinancing by EuroNatur is justified by the national
\nand international significance of the natural values of the salina and the site\u2019s importance
\nfor preserving the Lake Skadar-Bojana\/Buna River ecosystem (chapter 3.3. and
\n3.4.). In addition, the salina represents an outstanding cultural and natural heritage for
\nthe municipality of Ulcinj. Therefore, the preservation of the Solana should be additionally
\nsupported by other national and international funds. The formal protection of the
\nsalina under the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international importance will stimulate
\nfurther efforts for generating funds. In the future support for education programmes
\nand conservation projects by the Republic of Montenegro will be of great importance.
\nOn the local scale tourists and other guests which visit the Solana for bird watching
\nor environmental education, will generate additional sources of income for the
\nNature Park. We propose entrance fees of 2 \u20ac for adult visitors and a minimum fee of
\n8 \u20ac for visitor groups, but special offers for children and school classes are recommended.
\nGenerated income should be used for guarding the area, the maintenance of basins
\nand for conservation activities. Further offers for visitors should include souvenirs
\nand special products of the Solana (e.g. fleur du sol).
\n4.6.3. Wise use of the Solana\u2019s natural resources
\nWhile the basic income of the salina is the production of industrial salts, by entrance
\nfees, merchandising and fundings for conservation projects, the Nature Park will generate
\nadditional income for the Solana. Like in other salinas of the Mediterranean region,
\nit will be important for the Solana to explore supplementary income by the sustainable
\nuse of its natural resources, like grazing fees for cattle or for mowing. Additional income,
\nalready mentioned, may be generated by the use of euryhaline soils for medicinal
\npurposes (see 4.2.4.).
\nCurrently, the Solana is discussing supplementary income by fish farming, and a
\npilot project has been already conducted in the main canal along crystallisation basins
\nclose to the Solana\u2019s headquarters. In accordance with conservation targets, outlined in
\nthe MP, EuroNatur suggests to establish a fish trap in front of the main pumping station,
\nwhere fish could be removed from the main canal, before it will be killed or heavily
\ndamaged by pumps. In any case, the installation of an \u2018otter-exist\u2019 for securing otters
\nand other animals to be killed in the fish trap, is recommended. And for avoiding conflicts
\nwith the conservation of fish-eating birds, all fishing should be restricted to basin
\nno. 1.
\n56
\n5. Monitoring
\nEnvironmental monitoring is based on the regular examination and recording of the abundances
\nof organisms or other indicators, with the help of standardized methods
\nwhich offer the potential to reveal changes of the environment (FURNESS & GREENWOOD
\n1993). The status and population numbers of birds are internationally accepted indicators
\nfor assessing environmental change. While the departure of population numbers
\nfrom target values helps conservation authorities and wildlife managers to raise alarms,
\nilluminate the reasons for any failure to achieve targets, and for determining remedial
\naction (GREENWOOD 2000). Therefore, monitoring schemes are long-term activities
\nwhich have to be well prepared.
\nAlready existing monitoring in the Solana Ulcinj includes:
\n\u0002\u0003 Meteorological data and the monitoring of some hydrological parameters; i.e.
\nlong-term data on air temperature, precipitation, wind speed, wind direction,
\nhumidity and air pressure.
\n\u0002\u0003 Ongoing record of salt production (since 1935).
\n\u0002\u0003 In 2003 EuroNatur started a long-term monitoring scheme for migrating and
\nwintering waterbirds. IWC data for the salina include information on species\u2019
\nnumbers per basin, actual water surface per basin and human impacts, like
\nhunting and fishing activities. Reference numbers (= targets) for waterbirds
\nand other bird species are outlined in the main objectives of the MP (see
\nchapter 4.1.). During summer population numbers of nesting waterbirds
\n(Tab. 1) and for some flagship species, like Dalmatian Pelicans and Greater
\nFlamingos, detailed data on habitat use and behaviour are recorded.
\nIn addition to already established waterbird counts and breeding bird surveys, for an
\nappropiate evaluation of the effects of habitat management and related conservation
\nactivities it will be necessary to monitor mortality and annual nesting success of keystone
\nspecies (SADUL et al. 1998), like Common Shelduck, Black-winged Stilt, Pied
\nAvocet, Stone-curlew, Common Redshank, Collared Pratincole, gulls and terns. According
\nto proposals of the Solana for changing grassland management on dams and for
\nrenovation work in some basins, this scheme of integrated monitoring (GREENWOOD
\n2000) should be implemented as soon as possible.
\nDuring all monitoring activities utmost care has to be taken to avoid breeding failures
\nor to cause other disturbances for nesting birds or resting migrants. Since 2003
\nthe EuroNatur team is conducting waterbird counts by car and on foot following a standard
\nroute with fixed observations points which cover the whole area of the salina
\n(Fig. 30). During autumn and winter when < 20.000 waterbirds are present (cf. Fig. 15), it is possible for a single, but experienced field ornithologist to count the salina during one day. During spring migration between mid-March and late April, when larger numbers of birds are present, a minimum of two observers are needed to count the salina simultaneously in one day. Beside binoculars, for an appropriate identification of birds it is necessary to use telescopes (\u0006 30x) in most basins. During all moni57 toring activities each basin has to be counted separately by using the enumeration of basins in Fig. 31. For the case that the surrounding dam will become accessible by car, it will be acceptable to change the standard route shown in Fig. 30 appropriately. For a further improvement of the existing monitoring, some additional studies and longterm monitoring schemes are recommended: \u0002\u0003 For a better understanding and interpretation of IWC data, seasonal fluctuations of waterbird and wader populations should be investigated during a 3\u20135 year period. \u0002\u0003 A continuous monitoring scheme on the spatial distribution, population size, nesting performance, and on human impacts for key-stone species, in particular colonially nesting waterbirds, should be established throughout the Bojana- Buna Delta. Preliminary data during a rapid assessment of the conservation significance of the delta indicate for almost all colonial waterbirds which nest in the Bojana-Buna Delta, that the salina is the most important feeding area (STUMBERGER et al. 2005, SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b). \u0002\u0003 Continuous monitoring of the use and acceptance of education facilities, and the salina\u2019s information centre with the help of tickets sold per month. \u0002\u0003 A monitoring scheme for the in-\/outflow of water in the salina\u2019s basins should be established. \u0002\u0003 For a better understanding of the ecology of the salt-pans we recommend a 2\u20134 year study on the species diversity and seasonal abundances of the invertebrate fauna in basins of different evaporation grades. Fig. 30: Map showing standard route and observation points used by EuroNatur for waterbird counts in the Solana Ulcinj. 58 6. Action plan To achieve the goals outlined in the MP it will be necessary to realize a number of projects throughout the salina. In the following chapter these projects are described separately for each beach or, when it appears more feasible, for a set of different basins. The names and enumeration of basins are given in Fig. 31. Fig. 31: Enumeration of evaporation basins in the Solana Ulcinj. Basins no. 1\u201313 in the southern part of the salina are locally called Kneta. 6.1. Basin 1 (Kneta) Description: With a surface area of 15 ha and a total length of 1,8 km basin no. 1 is the longest and narrowest salt-pan in the Solana. Maximum water depth: up to 1 m. Conservation significance: When seawater is pumped through the basin during summer, basin no. 1 functions like a lagoon channel. Between autumn and spring the basin is used for feeding by herons, Pygmy Cormorants and other waterbirds, including Dalmatian Pelican. Following local rainfalls, mudflats and shallow waters are present, which are frequented by foraging waders during winter. Management: Currently the Solana has suggested to use the basin for aquaculture or fish farming. Although aquaculture will not destroy the salina\u2019s ecosystem, the implementation of extensive fish farming or other aquaculture will lead to major loss of biological diversity (SADUL et al. 1998). By protecting the basin with nets and\/or wires against fish-eating birds, most other birds and otters will be excluded. In addition, alien 59 and\/or invasive species, accidentally introduced by aquaculture, may inflict disastrous damage for autochthonous species. Therefore, before implementing aquaculture in basin no. 1 \u2013 and in other parts of the salina \u2013 potential conflicts should be carefully evaluated. For the case the Solana decides to place aquaculture or fish farming in basin no. 1, it has to be taken care that: \u0002\u0003 Access for managing aquaculture and fish farming will be only along the outer dam. \u0002\u0003 No disturbances of pelicans and other sensitive species in adjoining salt-pans will be caused. \u0002\u0003 No alien fishes or other allochthonous species, like non-native crustaceans and other invertebrates, will be introduced. \u0002\u0003 An action plan for fish breeding or any other aquacultural use will be prepared by the Solana. \u0002\u0003 \u0003 Warding-off fish-eating birds is done by scaring birds and other potential predators by the Solana\u2019s staff and no artificial noise, e.g. explosives, or netting will be used. 6.2. Basins 2\u201313 (Kneta) Description: The Kneta covers a whole area of 5 km2, and includes a number of large basins which vary in size between 12 and 68 ha. During the winter season between September and April, most basins in the Kneta are covered by large areas of shallow water and extensive mudflats. Conservation significance: In the basins of the Kneta halophytes are present mostly in small and scattered stands, but well-developed and more extensive patches exist in basin no. 5. With > 10.000 birds during autumn and winter the Kneta represents the
\nmost important \u2018intertidal\u2019 feeding zone for waders in the Solana (Fig. 32). Between
\n2003 and 2006 all basins of the Kneta were constantly covered by shallow waters. The
\nwater surface in the pans varied from 20\u201380 %. With annual numbers of 0\u20133 bp. since
\n2003, the Kneta is the only nesting site of Eurasien Oystercatcher in the salina and the
\nlast save breeding place for the species in the Bojana-Buna Delta. A significant portion
\nof Black-winged Stilts and > 50 % of the salina\u2019s Yellow-legged Gulls use the halophyte
\nvegetation of the Kneta for nesting. The extensive salt-pans are important feeding and
\nroosting sites for Dalmatian Pelican, Greater Flamingo, Common Crane and geese,
\nwhile on the dam between basins no. 5 and 6 Zitting Cisticola is nesting.
\n60
\nFig. 32: Flock of Eurasian Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria) resting in basin no. 7, Kneta.
\n11 January 2008, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: P. Sackl).
\nManagement: With long-term planning the shear extent of the Kneta\u2019s salt-pans will
\nallow the creation of nesting and roosting sites for many colonial waterbirds. All breeding
\ncolonies of ibises, herons and cormorants in the Bojana-Buna Delta are heavily disturbed
\nby people: Out of three colonies which we found 2003, only one remained in 2006
\n(STUMBERGER et al. 2005). The high diversity of feeding habitats in the Kneta and in
\nadjacent marshlands are excellent pre-conditions for creating a mixed-species breeding
\ncolony of colonial waterbirds in the salina. Although long-term planning is necessary for
\nattracting ibises, spoonbills and herons for nesting, first actions should be taken as soon
\nas possible:
\n\u0002\u0003 Planting of 200 saplings of deciduous trees on the island in basin no. 6 for
\nattracting tree-nesting waterbirds.
\n\u0002\u0003 Construction of artificial nesting islets for Dalmatian Pelican (36 m2) and Greater
\nFlamingo (1500 m2) in basin no. 8.
\n\u0002\u0003 Preserve the existing water regime in the Kneta which allows flooding of the
\nbasins by rainwater outside the production season.
\n\u0002\u0003 Preserve existing pasture- and grasslands on dams and dikes.
\n\u0002\u0003 Investigating the breeding ecology of the local population of Eurasian Oystercatcher.
\n\u0002\u0003 Implementation of a core conservation area which is prohibited for people.
\nThe success of management actions in the Kneta depends on the strict controll of
\nillegal access, hunting and bird shooting (see chapter 6.9. Jezero 1).
\n61
\n6.3. Stojski 1 & 2
\nDescription: Outside of the salt production season the shallow basins of Stojski 1
\n(63 ha) and Stojski 2 (28 ha) are covered by extensive, and partially flooded
\nmudflats.
\nConservation significance: Both basins are almost free of vegetation. Stojski 1 & 2 are
\ncore roosting sites for Dalmatian Pelicans and one of the most important feeding and
\nroosting areas for migrating waders in the salina.
\nManagement: In 2005 EuroNatur constructed a nesting islet for colonial waterbirds in
\nStojski 1. In addition, artificial nest-boxes for Common Shelduck have been installed on
\nthe island.
\nIn the near future the following management measures have to be taken:
\n\u0002\u0003 Remove a considerable part of at least 10 m of the former levee in Stojski 1
\nadjacent to the southern main dam (Kneta) and close to the basin\u2019s northern
\ndike in front of the observation tower, to create nesting habitats on the former
\nlevee which are inaccessible for people and terrestrial predators.
\n\u0002\u0003 Take actions to prevent Stojski 1 (water surface 20\u201340 %) from drying-out
\nduring winter.
\n\u0002\u0003 Both basins have to be included into the core conservation zone of the salina.
\n\u0002\u0003 \u0003 Close to the already existing observation tower at the end of the inner visitor
\ntrail, artificial islets which are surrounded by shallowly flooded mudflats
\nshould be constructed for creating optimum observation possibilities for birdwatching.
\n6.4. Basins 17\u201327
\nDescription: This part of the salina which includes 10 basins, covers a whole area of
\n194 ha. With a maximum area of 20 ha per basin, all salt-pans in this group are of
\nsimilar size.
\nConservation significance: In basins no. 20 and 21 extensive stands of halophytes are
\npresent which harbour significant numbers of nesting Black-winged Stilts, while in
\nmost other basins scattered patches of reeds and sedges exist. Aside of their significance
\nfor nesting waders, the dikes host some of the salina\u2019s scattered bp. of Zitting Cisticola.
\nAdditional nest sites of the species exist in nearby \u201cMeadow\u201d and on the dike between
\nbasins no. 5 and 6. Apart from unsuccessful breeding attempts in Jezero 1 and in basin
\nno. 9, we irregularly noted small numbers of Slender-billed Gulls in basins no. 18 and
\n24. The area further appears to be the most important feeding and resting habitat for
\n62
\ndabbling ducks, like Garganey and Common Teal, and for over-wintering Northern
\nLapwings and Common Snipes.
\nManagement:
\n\u0002\u0003 For preserving the high grassland vegetation and lower scrubs on dikes the
\nnumber of grazing cattle should be restricted to a maximum of 5 cattle or, alternatively,
\nto 30 sheep.
\n\u0002\u0003 For the case artificial nesting islands in Jezero 1 will be not used by Slenderbilled
\nGulls, additional islets should be placed in basins no. 18 and 17.
\n\u0002\u0003 All basins of this group have to be included into the core conservation area.
\n\u0002\u0003 \u0003 For Slender-billed Gulls and a number of waders, like Black-winged Stilts,
\nwhich breed in the area, constant water levels have to be ensured during the
\nnesting season (May\u2013August).
\n6.5. \u201cMeadow\u201d
\nDescription: Together with the main dams and the dike along Porta Minela (cf. 3.3.1.
\nand 4.2.1.), this basin which is not longer in use for salt production, is the most
\nextensive continuous grassland area (12 ha) in the salina (cf. Fig. 19).
\nConservation significance: In addition to low grasses which are more abundant on the
\nbasin\u2019s dams and dikes, according to fluctuating water levels and periodical floodings
\nthe grassland habitats of the \u201cMeadow\u201d are dominated by different Juncus and Carex
\nspecies. Currently the significance of the basin for waterbirds and waders is negligible,
\nbut during January counts we found a number of wintering Water Rails.
\nManagement:
\n\u0002\u0003 The \u201cMeadow\u201d should be transformed into a shallowly flooded, brackish pastureland,
\ngrazed by free-roaming horses, which will function as adequate
\nfeeding habitat for Glossy Ibis, Little Egret and Eurasian Spoonbill. Grazing intensity
\nshould not exceed 15 animals.
\n\u0002\u0003 For establishing a small nucleus herd of horses in \u201cMeadow\u201d local breeds, like
\nthe small mountain horse of the Balkans brdski konj, is recommended. Mysekaja,
\nthe lowland type of brdski konj, which is endemic to the Bojana-Buna
\nDelta, will be the best choice.
\n\u0002\u0003 For maintaining the herd a small bridge has to be created across the main canal,
\nand the levees have to be fenced-off.
\n\u0002\u0003 The area has to be included into the core conservation area, and besides for
\nmaintaining the horses, access by people has to be prohibited.
\n\u0002\u0003 \u0003 The amphibia, dragonfly and grasshopper fauna of the basin should be studied
\nand results included into a forthcoming draft of the MP.
\n63
\n6.6. Basins 28\u201332
\nDescription: The small, 4\u20139 ha large basins cover a total area of 35 ha. Some basins
\nof this group harbour remnants of former dikes which form rows of small islets, as well
\nas extensive stands of halophyte vegetation. Above maximum water level, most islets
\nare overgrown by grasses and low scrubs. All basins, which represent the most
\ndiversified pans of the Solana (Fig. 33), are in use for salt production. Parallel to the
\nouter, surrounding drainage canal along the eastern side of the basins, the salina\u2019s inner
\ncanal is running. The latter is used for directing saline waters from evaporation II into
\nthe basins of evaporation III.
\nFig. 33: Map of existing islets and remnants of former dikes in basins no. 30\u201332.
\nConservation significance: The small islands in the basins host significant breeding
\nnumbers of Black-winged Stilt, Pied Avocet, Kentish Plover, Common Redshank,
\nCommon Tern, Collared Pratincole and Yellow-legged Gull. During winter the shallow
\nwaters and mudflats are used by large numbers of waders, in particular Dunlin, Spotted
\nRedshank, Grey Plover, European Golden Plover, Northern Lapwing and Common
\nSnipe.
\n64
\nManagement: The already existing structures offer good breeding opportunities for
\nmany solitary and colonially nesting waterbirds (Fig. 33). Because access to the basins
\nis rather easy for people, EuroNatur proposes the construction of additional, more
\nundisturbed nesting islands:
\n\u0002\u0003 In particular for Pied Avocets, it will be necessary to prepare undisturbed nesting
\nislets which are inaccessible for terrestrial predators. Nesting islets for
\nthe species should be 1\u20131,5 m2 in size, with flat, slip-off slopes and a total
\nheight between 30\u201340 cm above maximum water levels in the respective basin.
\nIn addition, the islets have to be cleared regularly from grasses and scrubs,
\nwith one half of the island each year and the other half each second year.
\n\u0002\u0003 A number of the existing islets which are currently heavily overgrown, should
\nbe prepared as nesting habitats for Common and Little Tern, Collared Pratincole
\nand Kentish Plover. To afford this, large areas on existing islands or former
\ndikes have to be cleared from grasses and other vegetation. To attract
\nLittle Terns for nesting it will be necessary to prepare a 1-2 m wide layer of
\nmollusk shells parallel to shoreline. In the furture bare ground on nesting islands
\nand dikes have to be maintained by mowing.
\nThe improvement of nesting conditions in basins no. 28\u201332 is of high priority, because
\nthe higher, outer dam at the eastern edge of the basins offers good oppurtinities
\nfor observing nesting shorebirds by children, school classes, bird-watchers and other
\nvisitors. Removing of grasses and scrubs from islets and former dikes will also offer a
\npossibility to prevent the further increase of Yellow-legged Gulls in the salina.
\nFor a successful establishment of additional nesting islands it is fundamental:
\n\u0002\u0003 To regulate water levels in a way that all basins in this group are permanently
\nflooded, but water levels should not exceed maximum height during the nesting
\nseason (May\u2013August).
\n\u0002\u0003 That access to core conservation areas in the basins for people and all other
\npotential disturbances are strictly prohibited and controlled.
\n6.7. Jezero 2
\nDescription: Together with Jezero 1, Jezero 2 is a remnant of the central, permanently
\nflooded part of the former inland lagoon. With a total area of 110 ha Jezero 2 is the
\nlargest salt-pan in the salina. Originally the basin was largely segmented by lower
\nlevees (Fig. 34). Because the inner levees have been not maintained for deacdes,
\ncurrently all dikes inside Jezero 2 are flooded during medium and high water levels.
\nThe Solana plans to restore the basin by reconstructing the inner levees and by
\nconstructing a new canal which will replace the old, largely damaged canal.
\nConservation significance: In the eastern part and along the northern and southwestern
\nedge of the basin extensive stands of halophyte vegetation exist. During late spring and
\n65
\nsummer the inner, low-lying levees are the most important nesting habitats in the salina
\nfor Little Tern, Common Tern and Kentish Plover. In addition, with up to 5.000 birds
\nJezero 2 represents a core feeding area for waterbirds during migration and winter.
\nManagement: For mitigating effects of the proposed restoration of the basin, the
\nfollowing management measures should be taken (see also 4.2.2. and 6.9.3.):
\n\u0002\u0003 Jezero 2 has to be included into the core conservation zone of the salina,
\nwhich will be prohibited for people.
\n\u0002\u0003 Following the reconstruction of inner levees, measures have to be taken to
\nprevent the access of terrestrial predators. To prevent access to inner levees,
\nthe construction of fences or gates at the base of inner dikes along the outer
\ndam is recommended.
\n\u0002\u0003 \u0003 For creating optimum observation oppurtinities for visitors a number of smaller
\nislets for nesting and resting birds, close to the already existing observation
\ntower, should be constructed.
\n6.8. Zoganjski 1 & 2
\nDescription: Like Jezero 1 and Jezero 2, both basins represent remnants of the former
\nZoganjsko Jezero. With maximum water depths between 20\u201330 cm, Zoganjski 1
\n(24 ha) and Zoganjski 2 (20 ha) are rather shallowly flooded basins with high salt
\nconcentrations of up to 115 grams NaCl\/litre.
\nFig. 34: Map showing the old canal and the system of inner levees in Jezero 2.
\n66
\nConservation significance: With extensive areas of bare ground and large stands of low
\nhalophytes above halomorphic soils both Zoganjski basins represent a habitat type
\nwhich is unique throughout the Bojana-Buna Delta. The dry and sparsely vegetated
\nmudflats provide optimal nesting habitat for > 60 bp. of Collared Pratincoles. During
\nwinter both basins harbour large numbers of Common Snipes.
\nManagement: Due to irregular floodings in Zoganjski 1 & 2 and in other basins, and the
\novergrowing of some dams with bushes, between 2000 and 2003 the breeding
\npopulation of Collared Pratincole dropped below an estimated maximum of 60\u201380 bp.
\nFor regaining its international importance, it will be necessary to manage potential
\nnesting habitats for the species in both Zoganjski basins and on adjacent dams:
\n\u0002\u0003 Both basins have to be included into the salina\u2019s core conservation zone.
\n\u0002\u0003 In both basins water levels have to be artificially regulated. While both basins
\nshould be temporarily flooded outside the nesting season between October
\nand March (maximum water depth: < 30 cm), during the breeding season (April\u2013September) water levels should be extremely low which will allow up to 80 % of the area in both basins to dry-out. \u0002\u0003 The reconstruction of inner levees and dikes in Jezero 1 provides an excellent oppurtunity to install an artificially regulated water regime which will be adequate for the nesting of Collared Pratincoles (details see 4.2.2. and 6.9.3.). \u0002\u0003 Fencing-off against terrestrial predators, like Red Foxes and Golden Jackals, will probably enable population numbers of Collared Pratincoles to increase to international significance (240 bp. according to WPE4). \u0002\u0003 For creating additional nesting habitat for the species the northern dike of both basins should be fenced-off and grazed by free-roaming cattle between September and mid-May. \u0002\u0003 \u0003 Strictly controlled burning of the dike between Jezero 2 and Zoganjski 1 & 2 may be necessary to maintain adequate nesting conditions for Collared Pratincoles. But the effects of burning on the dam\u2019s vegetation and breeding birds should be closely investigated (see 4.2.1.). 6.9. Jezero 1 Description: At present Jezero 1 (80 ha) is not used for salt production. Like both Zoganjski basins, Jezero 1 represents a remnant of the former inland lagoon which is situated below sea level. The basin is used as a reservoir for surplus rain- and saltwater, which is pumped out of the salina by pump no. 16 via Porta Milena channel. Surplus water is collected by the old canal which is running through the whole basin. Because this canal as well as the lower, inner levees in Jezero 1 were not maintained for years, currently the central canal is partly blocked by sediments and most of the lower levees are regularly flooded. 67 Conservation significance: Because the micro-relief of the basin closely resembles that of a naturally formed lagoon, Jezero 1 is of great significance for conservation. According to its brackish waters and largely fluctuating water level, the edges of the basin are covered by wide belts of halophytes. With peak numbers of > 13.000 waterbirds,
\nJezero 1 is a key-site for bird protection in the Solana for both, nesting and migrating
\nwaterbirds.
\nManagement:
\n\u0002\u0003 Jezero 1 has to be included into the core conservation zone.
\n\u0002\u0003 Along the former, inner levees of Jezero 1 a system of artificial islands for nesting
\nwaterbirds have to be created to mitigate the loss of nesting habitat following
\nrestoration of Jezero 2 (see 4.2.1.).
\n\u0002\u0003 The lateral dike along the central canal should be rebuilt along the southern
\nside of the canal. Soil, excavated from the canal, should be used to repair and
\nfor reconstruction of the old dike along the canal\u2019s southern side. When necessary
\nthe dike could be used for dredging the canal.
\n\u0002\u0003 After restoration the northern dike along the central canal will separate the
\nsouthern part of Jezero 1. This will allow the regulation of water level in Jezero
\n1b (see 4.2.2.).
\n\u0002\u0003 In the future the newly separated basin, Jezero 1b, has to be managed for colonially
\nnesting waterbirds, in particular Greater Flamingo and Dalmatian Pelican,
\nwhich usually start to breed in early spring. The new basin should be
\nrefilled with water in late winter (early February), so that potential nesting
\nsites for flamingos and pelicans are covered by shallow water and will be save
\nfrom terrestrial predators.
\n\u0002\u0003 The new dike, which will separate Jezero 1a from Jezero 1b, should be strictly
\nclosed for people by installing fences on both ends that will additionally prevent
\nterrestrial predators from entering the dike. Because the same will be necessary
\non the dam to Stojski 1, a total of 4 fences have to be erected in
\nJezero 1.
\n\u0002\u0003 The northern dike along the central canal should be further developed as nesting
\nhabitat for Little and Common Tern, Black-winged Stilt and other waders
\n(Fig. 35), and additional nest-boxes for Common Shelduck should be placed
\non the dike (Fig. 28).
\n\u0002\u0003 Because the water level in Jezero 1a depends on precipitation and the
\nSolana\u2019s overall water management for salt production, it is not possible to
\nregulate water level in Jezero 1a separately from that in other basins. Anyway,
\nto prevent terrestrial predators from entering nesting islands all measures
\nshould be taken that Jezero 1a will be covered by at least 10\u201320 cm deep
\nwater or to prevent the basin from drying-out completely during the breeding
\nseason.
\n68
\n\u0002\u0003 All reed beds, stands of halophytes and other natural vegetation have to be
\npreserved as far as possible during restoration.
\n\u0002\u0003 Excavation of soil has to be strictly restricted to the non-breeding season and
\na special management plan for the use of soil from Jezero 1 for medicinal purposes
\nhas to be prepared (see 4.2.4.).
\n\u0002\u0003 A new, approximately 50 m long dike which should be bounded on both sides
\nby rows of low Tamarix trees, from the main dam for the access of visitors to
\nan additionally erected observation hide on the northern edge of the basin has
\nto be constructed (Fig. 35).
\n6.10. Evaporation II
\nDescription: Evaporation II consists of a number of smaller basins which are separated
\nby a network of lower narrow levees. In particular, the central and western parts of the
\n90 ha large area is covered with small and very scattered stands of Common Reed
\n(Phragmites communis). The canal along the southern edge of evaporation II is partly
\ncovered with dense reed beds.
\nConservation significance: Apart of small numbers of Black-winged Stilts and Collared
\nPratincoles, good numbers of Kentish Plover and Common Redshank breed in
\nevaporation II, while the area is the only nesting site for Great Bittern in the Solana.
\nFig. 35: Proposed management measures in Jezero 1.
\n69
\nNesting of the latter species depends on the presence of dense patches of reed. In
\naddition, large areas in evaporation II are covered by different communities of
\nhalophytes. Outside the nesting season the area harbours concentrations of up to
\n1.000\u20132.000 shorebirds.
\nManagement:
\n\u0002\u0003 The area has to be included into the core conservation zone.
\n\u0002\u0003 All stands of reeds in evaporation II have to preserved. In the future reed beds
\nshould be whether burnt nor cutted.
\n\u0002\u0003 \u0003 For the case that the canal along the southern edge of evaporation II has to be
\nexcavated for maintaining, the canal\u2019s reed beds and aquatic plant communities
\nshould be protected at least along one side of the canal.
\n6.11. Evaporation III \u2013 IV
\nDescription: Because of the high salinity of brine waters of up to 172 grams NaCl\/litre
\n(evaporation III) and 218 grams NaCl\/litre (evaporation IV) which cover the small
\nbasins during summer, the 55 ha and 20 ha large surface area of evaporation III & IV
\nis dominated by open soils. With very fragmented stands of halophytes, most basins
\nare sparesly covered by vegetation.
\nConservation significance: When flooded for salt production, evaporation III & IV are
\nimportant feeding areas for Little and Common Terns. Apart of smaller numbers of
\nnesting Kentish Plovers and Black-winged Stilts, during migration and winter the area
\nis frequented by significant numbers of Kentish Plover and Northern Lapwing of up to
\n> 100 birds of each species.
\nManagement:
\n\u0002\u0003 On pump no. 31 a nest-box for Little Owls and on nearby pylons along the
\nnorthern dam two nest-boxes for European Rollers have been placed by Euro-
\nNatur. Because pylons and electric wires along the outer dams are regularly
\nused by both species for hunting, wires should be not destructed and an additional
\nnumber of 5 nest-boxes for European Roller and Hoopoe should be
\nplaced.
\n\u0002\u0003 Both areas should be included into the core conservation area and access by
\npeople has to be restricted to the visitor trail.
\n\u0002\u0003 \u0003 The existing water regime with irregular floodings following heavy rains outside
\nsalt production should be preserved.
\n70
\n6.12. Crystallisation
\nDescription: For many visitors the 76 ha large network of shallow crystallisation basins
\nwhich are separated by low, rectangular levees, is the most interesting part of the
\nsalina. Above halomorphic soils, most basins are dominated by bare ground.
\nConservation significance: In crystallisation basins we noted small numbers of nesting
\nLittle Ringed Plover, Kentish Plover, Collared Pratincole and Stone-curlew, the later
\nspecies regularly feeding in the pastures of nearby Ulcinjsko Polje. The central and
\nnorthern basins of the area are used by large numbers of gulls, Grey Herons and Great
\nWhite Egrets for roosting.
\nManagement:
\n\u0002\u0003 Like evaporation III & IV, all crystallisation basins should be included into the
\ncore conservation zone and access for visitors restricted to the visitor trail.
\n\u0002\u0003 Like in evaporation III & IV, existing pylons and electric wires should be not
\ndestructed.
\n\u0002\u0003 \u0003 Although 4 nest-boxes for European Roller and a nest-box for Little Owl have
\nbeen already placed on pylons along the visitor trail, the installation of 5 additional
\nnest-boxes for European Rollers and Hoopoes is recommended (see
\nFig. 29).
\n6.13. Reservoirs 1 & 2
\nDescription: Both reservoir complexes (= Accumulation 1 & 2) consist of 3\u20134 basins
\nwhich together cover a whole area of 28 ha. All basins are situated above the surface
\nlevel of the salina\u2019s salt-pans. This allows brine of high salinity to flow passively from
\nboth accumulation complexes into the salt-pans for triggering salt crystallisation in
\nspring (see chapter 3.2.). Water depths in reservoirs are fluctuating between \u0006 1 m
\nand up to 3\u20134 m. The inner slopes of dams are constructed of stones, while the outer
\nembankment is covered by ruderal plants, dry grasslands and scattered bushes.
\nConservation significance: Reservoir 1 (13 ha) is an important roosting site for
\nCommon Redshank. During heavy bird shooting in the salina we counted > 1.000
\nredshanks roosting tightly together on the inner dam. In addition to scattered bp. of
\nTawny Pipit along dams of both accumulation complexes, on the dikes of reservoir 2
\n(15 ha) we found the only nesting site of Short-toed Lark in the salina. In both reservoirs
\nEurasian Hoopoes nest in narrow hollows between stones of the dams inner
\nembankment.
\n71
\nManagement:
\n\u0002\u0003 No access for bird-watchers and other visitors to both reservoirs\u2019 inner dikes
\nwhich separate the basins.
\n\u0002\u0003 No burning of dams between March and August.
\nFig. 36: Main canals and enumeration of pumping stations in the Solana Ulcinj.
\n6.14. Canals
\nDescription: The network of deep canals differs from all other habitat types in the
\nSolana: In contrast to the salt-pans, most canals are permanently covered by at least
\nshallow water and never dry-out completely. Three pumps are in use for pumping saline
\nwater through the canals into evaporation II and III, and for pumping fresh- or seawater
\nout of Jezero 1, where all surplus water of the salina is collected (Fig. 36). With a
\nmaximum width of up to 15 m the cumulative length of canals amounts to 26,5 km.
\nPumps, bridges and sluices are technical facilities along canals.
\nConservation significance: The linear network of canals, which connects the basins of
\nthe salt-work, represents the most important migration corridor for fishes and Eurasian
\nOtter. Because many canals are covered by marshland and aquatic plants, like reeds,
\nsedges and rushes, they are important nesting and feeding habitats for many bird
\nspecies. In particular, a large portion of the local breeding population of Common
\nRedshank is concentrated in canals (Plate 6). Besides Common Redshank, smaller
\nnumbers of Black-winged Stilt and Kentish Plover as well as Great Reed Warbler, Yellow
\nWagtail (ssp. feldegg) and Water Rail nest in canals and on adjoining dikes. Pumping
\nstations, bridges and sluices are used as nesting substrates by Little Owl, Barn and
\nRed-rumped Swallow, House Martin, Pied Wagtail, Tree Sparrow, House and Spanish
\nSparrow.
\n72
\nManagement:
\n\u0002\u0003 During maintenance work all existing reedbeds and other vegetation should
\nbe preserved as far as possible, e.g. by cleaning only one side or cleaning both
\nsides of canals alternatively, with longer intervals in between, which will allow
\nplants to regrowth.
\n\u0002\u0003 Otter exits, nets or cages to prevent accidentally drowning of otters should be
\ninstalled in pumping stations no. 16 and 31.
\n\u0002\u0003 Already existing hollows in bridges, sluices and pumping stations, suitable for
\nthe nesting of swallows, sparrows and hole-nesting birds, should be mapped
\nand 15\u201320 artificial nesting structures should be placed for Red-rumped
\nSwallows on sluices and pumping stations.
\n\u0002\u0003 Because canals represent the main migration corridor for fishes into the salina
\nand between basins within the salina, a comprehensive study of the fish fauna
\nand on fish migrations in canals are urgently needed (see 3.3.2.3).
\nAcknowledgements
\nThe present management plan was prepared between 2004 \u2013 2006 by EuroNatur within the project
\n\u201cProtection and Sustainable Development of the Solana Bajo Sekuli\u0005, Ulcinj \u2013 Bojana Delta
\n(Montenegro)\u201d, which was supported by the MAVA Foundation. With additional support by the
\nMAVA Foundation, since 2006 EuroNatur continues to monitor the site and to cooperate with the
\nsalina within the framework of the project \u201cProtection of Priority Wetlands for Bird Migration (Adriatic
\nFlyway) in the Dinaric Arc Eco-Region through Integrated Site and River Basin Management\u201d.
\nThe authors thank the staff of the Solana Ulcinj, all colleagues and friends for their help with bird
\nsurveys and first management actions in the saline. Additionally, we are very grateful to Dritan
\nDhora (Univerity of Shkodra), who prepared the Albanian translation of the abstract, Michael
\nSeidl,who has helped with the English text as well as all photographers who put their pictures to
\nour disposal for this publication.
\n73
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\nREPUBLIKA CRNA GORA \u2013 PRIVREDNI SUD U PODGORICU. 2005. Plan reorganizacije za Solanu \u00ab Bajo
\nSekuli\u0005 \u00bb a.d. Ulcinj. \u2013 Republica Crna Cora & Solana \u00ab Bajo Sekuli\u0005 \u00bb a.d. Ulcinj, Ulcinj.
\nREISER O. & VON F\u00dcHRER L. 1896. Materialien zu einer Ornis Balcanica. IV. Montenegro. \u2013 Carl
\nGerold\u2019s Sohn, Wien.
\nSACKL P., SCHNEIDER-JACOBY M. & STUMBERGER B. 2006. The importance of the Tivat salina (Montenegro)
\nfor migrating and wintering waterbirds, including some notes on passerines. \u2013 Annales,
\nSer. Hist. Nat., 16: 267\u2013278.
\nSADUL N., WALMSLEY J. & CHARPENTIER B. 1998. Salinas and Nature Conservation. \u2013 Station Biologique
\nde la Tour du Valat, France.
\nSAVELJI\u0002 D. 2002. Changes in population size of some shorebirds breeding at Ulcinj salt-pans in
\nMontenegro. \u2013 Acrocephalus, 23(110\/111): 39\u201342.
\nSAVELJI\u0002 D. & RUBINI\u0002 B. 2005. The presence of the Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Ulcinj
\nSalt-pans (Montenegro). \u2013 Acrocephalus 26 (126): 41\u201344.
\nSAVELJI\u0002 D., RUBINI\u0002 B., SCHNEIDER-JACOBY M. & VIZI O. 2004. Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus
\ncrispus on Skadar Lake. \u2013 Acrocephalus, 25(122): 111\u2013118.
\nSCHNEIDER-JACOBY M. & SAVELJI\u0002 D.2006. Late breeding of Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola
\nin Solana Ulcinj (Montenegro). \u2013 Ciconia (Novi Sad), 14: 79\u201382.
\n75
\nSCHNEIDER-JACOBY M., DHORA D., SACKL P., SCHWARZ U., SAVELJI\u0002 D. & STUMBERGER B. 2006a. The
\nBojana-Buna Delta between Albania, and Serbia and Montenegro. – In: TERRY A., ULLRICH K.
\n& RIECKEN U. (eds.). The Green Belt of Europe: From Vision to Reality, 121 – 132, IUCN,
\nGland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K.
\nSCHNEIDER-JACOBY M., SCHWARZ U., SACKL P., SAVELJI\u0002 D. & STUMBERGER B. 2006b. Rapid Assessment
\nof the Ecological Value of the Bojana-Buna Delta (Albania\/Montenegro). \u2013 Stiftung Europ\u00e4isches
\nNaturerbe (EuroNatur), Radolfzell.
\nSTUMBERGER B., SCHNEIDER-JACOBY M., SCHWARZ U., SACKL P., DHORA D. & SAVELJI\u0002 D. 2005. The ornithological
\nvalue of the Bojana\/Buna delta. \u2013 Bul. Shk., Ser. Shk. Nat., 55: 136\u2013158.
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\n111.
\nVUKSANOVI\u0002 S. & PETROVI\u0002 D. 2004. Flora i vegetacija Ulcinjske solanae. \u2013 Unpubl. Report, Podgorica.
\nAnschrift der Verfasser:
\nBorut STUMBERGER
\nCirkulane 41
\n2282 Cirkulane
\nSlovenia
\nstumberger@siol.net
\nPeter SACKL
\nLandesmuseum Joanneum
\nRaubergasse 10
\n8010 Graz
\nAustria
\npeter.sackl@museum-joanneum.at
\nDarko SAVELJI\u0002
\nCenter for Protection and Research of Birds
\nTrg Becir bega Osmanagica 16
\n81000 Podgorica
\nMontenegro
\nsav@cg.yu
\nMartin SCHNEIDER-JACOBY
\nEuroNatur
\nKonstanzer Stra\u00dfe 22
\n78315 Radolfzell
\nGermany
\nmartin.schneider.jacoby@euronatur.org
\n76
\nAppendix 1
\nGerman and scientific names of birds mentioned in the text
\nBarn Swallow Rauchschwalbe Hirundo rustica
\nBlack-crowned Night Heron Nachtreiher Nycticorax nycticorax
\nBlack-tailed Godwit Uferschnepfe Limosa limosa
\nBlack-winged Stilt Stelzenl\u00e4ufer Himantopus himantopus
\nCaspian Tern Raubseeschwalbe Sterna caspia
\nCollared Pratincole Rotfl\u00fcgel-Brachschwalbe Glareola pratincola
\nCommon Crane Kranich Grus grus
\nCommon Kingfisher Eisvogel Alcedo atthis
\nCommon Moorhen Teichhuhn Gallinula chloropus
\nCommon Redshank Rotschenkel Tringa totanus
\nCommon Shelduck Brandgans Tadorna tadorna
\nCommon Snipe Bekassine Gallinago gallinago
\nCommon Teal Krickente Anas crecca
\nCommon Tern Flussseeschwalbe Sterna hirundo
\nCorn Bunting Grauammer Miliaria calandra
\nCrested Lark Haubenlerche Galerida cristata
\nCurlew Sandpiper Sichelstrandl\u00e4ufer Calidris ferruginea
\nDalmatian Pelican Krauskopfpelikan Pelecanus crispus
\nDunlin Alpenstrandl\u00e4ufer Calidris alpina
\nEurasian Golden Oriole Pirol Oriolus oriolus
\nEurasian Golden Plover Goldregenpfeifer Pluvialis apricaria
\nEurasian Oystercatcher Austernfischer Haematopus ostralegus
\nEurasian Spoonbill L\u00f6ffler Platalea leucorodia
\nEurasian Wigeon Pfeifente Anas penelope
\nEuropean Bee-eater Bienenfresser Merops apiaster
\nEuropean Hoopoe Wiedehopf Upupa epops
\nEuropean Robin Rotkehlchen Erithacus rubecula
\nEuropean Roller Blauracke Coracias garrulus
\nGarganey Kn\u00e4kente Anas querquedula
\nGreat Bittern Gro\u00dfe Rohrdommel Botaurus stellaris
\nGreat Cormorant Kormoran Phalacrocorax carbo
\nGreater Flamingo Rosaflamingo Phoenicopterus ruber roseus
\nGreater Spotted Eagle Schelladler Aquila clanga
\nGreat Reed Warbler Drosselrohrs\u00e4nger Acrocephalus arundinaceus
\nGreat White Egret Silberreiher Egretta alba
\nGrey Heron Graureiher Ardea cinerea
\nGrey Plover Kiebitzregenpfeifer Pluvialis squatarola
\nHouse Martin Mehlschwalbe Delichon urbicum
\nHouse Sparrow Haussperling Passer domesticus
\nKentish Plover Seeregenpfeifer Charadrius alexandrinus
\nLesser Kestrel R\u00f6telfalke Falco naumanni
\nLesser White-fronted Goose Zwerggans Anser erythropus
\nLittle Egret Seidenreiher Egretta garzetta
\nLittle Owl Steinkauz Athene noctua
\nLittle Ringed Plover Flussregenpfeifer Charadrius dubius
\n77
\nLittle Stint Zwergstrandl\u00e4ufer Calidris minuta
\nLittle Tern Zwergseeschwalbe Sterna albifrons
\nMallard Stockente Anas platyrhynchos
\nMarsh Sandpiper Teichwasserl\u00e4ufer Tringa stagnatilis
\nMeadow Pipit Wiesenpieper Anthus pratensis
\nMoustached Warbler Mariskens\u00e4nger Acrocephalus melanopogon
\nNorthern Lapwing Kiebitz Vanellus vanellus
\nNorthern Pintail Spie\u00dfente Anas acuta
\nNorthern Shoveler L\u00f6ffelente Anas clypeata
\nPied Avocet S\u00e4belschn\u00e4bler Recurvirostra avosetta
\nPied Wagtail Bachstelze Motacilla alba
\nPurple Heron Purpurreiher Ardea purpurea
\nPygmy Cormorant Zwergscharbe Phalacrocorax pygmeus
\nRed-rumped Swallow R\u00f6telschwalbe Hirundo daurica
\nReed Bunting Rohrammer Emberiza schoeniclus
\nRuff Kampfl\u00e4ufer Philomachus pugnax
\nShort-toed Lark Kurzzehenlerche Calandrella brachydactyla
\nSlender-billed Curlew D\u00fcnnschnabel-Brachvogel Numenius tenuirostris
\nSlender-billed Gull D\u00fcnnschnabelm\u00f6we Larus genei
\nSpanish Sparrow Weidensperling Passer hispaniolensis
\nSpotted Flycatcher Grauschn\u00e4pper Muscicapa striata
\nSpotted Redshank Dunkler Wasserl\u00e4ufer Tringa erythropus
\nSquacco Heron Rallenreiher Ardeola ralloides
\nStone-curlew Triel Burhinus oedicnemus
\nTawny Pipit Brachpieper Anthus campestris
\nTree Sparrow Feldsperling Passer montanus
\nWater Rail Wasserralle Rallus aquaticus
\nWhinchat Braunkehlchen Saxicola rubetra
\nYellow-legged Gull Mittelmeerm\u00f6we Larus michahellis
\nYellow Wagtail Schafstelze Motacilla flava
\nZitting Cisticola Cistens\u00e4nger Cisticola juncidis
\n78
\nSpecies
\nNesting habitats
\nin the salina
\nother breeding
\nplaces
\nin Montenegro
\nTadorna tadorna dams, islets (artificial nest-boxes in banks) NO
\nBotaurus stellaris reedbeds (Phragmites communis); tall, dense cover YES
\nAccipiter brevipes deciduous trees (fragmented alluvial forest) YES
\nFalco tinnunculus buildings and trees YES
\nPhasianus colchicus dams YES
\nRallus aquaticus canals (Phragmites, Carex, Juncus, Typha, Salix) YES
\nGallinula chloropus canals (Phragmites, Carex, Juncus, Typha, Salix) YES
\nHimantopus himantopus shallowly flooded mudflats, halophytes (Salicornia) NO
\nHaematopus ostralegus islets or levees (?) NO
\nRecurvirostra avosetta islets (sparse vegetation) NO
\nBurhinus oedicnemus dams, levees, islets (sparse vegetation) YES
\nCharadrius dubius levees, mudflats in basins (sparse or no vegetation) YES
\nCharadrius alexandrinus levees, islets, basins (sparse vegetation) YES
\nGlareola pratincola
\ndry basins with Salicornia, grazed dams\/levees with
\nlow vegetation
\nNO
\nTringa totanus canals, dams with lower, more densely vegetation YES
\nSterna hirundo islets, levees (no or sparse vegetation) NO
\nSterna albifrons islets, levees (no or sparse vegetation) NO
\nLarus michahellis islets, levees (covered with grasses and low scrubs) YES
\nLarus genei islets NO
\nStreptopelia turtur park (factory building) YES
\nClamator glandarius breeding parasite (host species?) ?
\nAthene noctua buildings (pumps, factory etc.) YES
\nMerops apiaster dams (bankment) YES
\nCoracias garrulus old trees, buildings? YES
\nUpupa epops embankments of stone, buildings, old trees YES
\nGalerida cristata dams (scattered, low vegetation), parking lot YES
\nCalandrella brachydactyla higer embankments of stone with short grasses YES
\nHirundo rustica buildings, pumps, bridges YES
\nAppendix 2
\nList of birds nesting in the Solana Ulcinj, 2003\u20132006.
\n79
\nSpecies
\nNesting habitats
\nin the salina
\nother breeding
\nplaces
\nin Montenegro
\nHirundo daurica bridges, pumps YES
\nDelichon urbicum buldings, pumps YES
\nMotacilla alba buildings, dams, bridges YES
\nMotacilla flava
\ndams, levees (grazed), dry mudflats with halophytes
\nYES
\nLuscinia megarhynchos scrubs, park YES
\nPhoenicurus ochruros buildings, pumps, dams (embankments of stone) YES
\nOenanthe oenanthe embankments of stone YES
\nOenanthe hispanica embankments of stone YES
\nTurdus merula scrublands, park, Tamarix YES
\nAcrocephalus arundinaceus reedbeds (Phragmites communis) YES
\nAcrocephalus scirpaceus reedbeds (Phragmites communis) YES
\nHippolais pallida scrublands, alluvial forest, Tamarix YES
\nSylvia atricapilla scrublands, alluvial forest, Tamarix YES
\nSylvia communis scrubs, fragmented alluvial forest YES
\nMuscicapa striata forest, park YES
\nLanius senator meadows, scrub (dam) YES
\nLanius minor dams, trees (power lines for hunting) YES
\nSturnus vulgaris buildings, pumps YES
\nOriolus oriolus park, alluvial forest YES
\nPica pica park (coniferous trees) YES
\nCorvus corone cornix trees, scrubs YES
\nPasser montanus buildings, pumps YES
\nPasser domesticus buildings, pumps, trees YES
\nPasser hispaniolensis buildings, pumps, trees YES
\nCarduelis cannabina dams, levees (meadows, scrubs, pastures) YES
\nEmberiza melanocephala meadows, pastures (nesting only in one basin) YES
\nMiliaria calandra dams, levees (pastures, meadows, scrubs) YES
\n80
\nSpecies Skadar Lake Bojana\/Buna
\nRiver Sasko Lake Bojana\/Buna
\n& Adriatic Sea Viluni Lagoon Solana Ulcinj
\nAnguilla anguilla + + ++ + +
\nAphanius fasciatus + + +
\nAtherina boyeri + +
\nChelon labrosus1 + + +
\nDicentrarchus labrax + + + ++ + +
\nDelentosteus sp. +
\nDiplodus annularis ++ + +
\nDiplodus vulgaris ++ + +
\nDiplodus sargus sargus ++ + +
\nGobius sp. +
\nLithognathus mormyrus +
\nLiza ramada + + ++ + +
\nLiza saliens + +
\nLiza aurata1 + +
\nLipophrys sp. +
\nMugil cephalus + + + ++ + +
\nMullus surmuletus +
\nPlatichthys flessus luscus + + + ++ + +
\nPomatoschistus sp. +
\nSarpa salpa1 + +
\nSolea lascaris + +
\nSolea vulgaris ++ + +
\n1 data available only for
\nMontenegro
\nAppendix 3
\nFish species recorded in the Lake Skadar-Bojana\/Buna River ecosystem and in the Solana Ulcinj
\n(SCHNEIDER-JACOBY et al. 2006b). Bojana\/Buna & Adriatic Sea: + species recorded only in Albania,
\n++ species recorded for Albania and Montenegro
\n81
\nAjuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.
\nAlkana tinctoria (L.) Tausch
\nAnemone hortensis L.
\nAnagalis arvensis L.
\nAnchusa officinalis L.
\nAnthemis arvensis L.
\nAristolochia rotunda L.
\nArum maculatum L.
\nAsphodelus microcarpus Viv.
\nAster amellus
\nAvena barbata Pott. ex Link.
\nBellis perennis L.
\nBidens tripartita L.
\nBituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirton
\nBlackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds.
\nCalepina irregularis (Asso) Thell
\nCapesella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus
\nCardamine hirsuta L.
\nCentaurea alba L.
\nCentaurea calcitrapa L.
\nCentaurea solstitialis L.
\nCentaurium erythraea Rafn.
\nCichorium intybus L.
\nCirsium arvensis (L.) Scop.
\nClematis viticella L.
\nClinopodium vulgare L.
\nConvolvulus arvensis L.
\nConyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist
\nCynoglossum creticum Miller
\nDaucus carota L.
\nDelphinium peregrinum L.
\nDitrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter
\nDorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser.
\nEchium vulgare L.
\nEpilobium hirsutum L.
\nErigeron annuus (L.) Pers.
\nErodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her
\nErodium malacoides (L.) L’Her
\nEryngium amethistinum L.
\nEupatorium cannabinum L.
\nEuphorbia helioscopia L.
\nEuphorbia peplis L.
\nEuphorbia peplus L.
\nEuphorbia terracina L.
\nFilago vulgaris Lam.
\nGeranium columbinum L.
\nGeranium dissectum L.
\nGeranium robertianum L.
\nGeranium brutim Gasparr.
\nHyacinthus orientalis L.
\nHelichrysum italicum (Roth.) G. Don
\nHeliotropium europaeum L.
\nHordeum vulgare L.
\nHypericum perforatum L.
\nInula brittanica L.
\nInula crithmoides L.
\nJuncus acutus L.
\nJuncus maritimus Lam.
\nKickxia commutata (Bernh. ex Reichenb.)
\nFritsch
\nLamium purpureum L.
\nLathyrus cicera L.
\nLinaria vulgaris Miller
\nLinum nodiflorum L.
\nLinum usitatissimum L.
\nLotus corniculatus L.
\nMedicago minima (L.) L.
\nMelilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas
\nMoenchia mantica (L.) Bartl.
\nMuscari comosum (L.) Miller
\nNarcissus tazetta L.
\nNigella damascena L.
\nAppendix 4
\nList of plants recorded in the Solana Ulcinj (prepared by Snezana VUKSANOVI\u0002 and Danka
\nPETROVI\u0002).
\n82
\nOrnithogalum sp.
\nOxalis corniculata L.
\nParentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel
\nPetrorhagia prolifera (L.) P. W. Ball &
\nHeywood
\nPicris hieracioides L.
\nPlantago lanceolata L.
\nPlantago major L.
\nPolygonum aviculare L.
\nPortulaca oleracea L.
\nPrunella laciniata (L.) L.
\nPrunella vulgaris L.
\nPulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.
\nReseda phyteuma L.
\nRomulea bulbocodium (L.) Sevast. &
\nMauri
\nRosa canina L.
\nSalvia verbenaca L.
\nSalvia verticillata L.
\nScandix pectin-veneris L.
\nScolymus hispanicus L.
\nSenecio rupestris Waldst. & Kit.
\nSherardia arvensis L.
\nSilene conica L.
\nSilene gallica L.
\nSilene nocturna L.
\nSolanum nigrum L.
\nSonchus arvensis L.
\nStellaria media (L.) Vill.
\nTaraxacum officinale Weber
\nTeucrium chamaedrys L.
\nTrifolium campestre Schreber
\nTrifolium incarnatum L.
\nTrifolium nigricens Viv.
\nTrifolium resupinatum L.
\nTrifolium subterraneum L.
\nTrigonella esculenta Willd.
\nVerbascum sinuatum L.
\nVerbena officinalis L.
\nVeronica arvensis L.
\nVeronica chamaedrys L.
\nVicia grandiflora Scop.
\nVicia sativa L., ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.
\nVincetoxucum hirundinaria Medicus
\n83
\nAppendix 5
\nResults of waterbird counts in the Solana Ulcinj, 2003\u20132008 (n=24).
\nSpecies Presence Total Min. Max. x \u2013 +\/- SE Excess
\nTachybaptus ruficollis 13 (54,2 %) 306 1 85 23,5 +\/- 6,6 1,61
\nPodiceps cristatus 5 (20,8 %) 10 1 4 2,0 +\/- 0,6 1,36
\nPodiceps auritus 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nPodiceps nigricollis 9 (37,5 %) 149 1 68 16,6 +\/- 7,0 2,20
\nPhalacrocorax carbo 17 (70,8 %) 705 2 198 41,5 +\/- 13,0 1,95
\nPhalacrocorax pygmeus 23 (95,8 %) 2073 1 370 90,1 +\/- 20,9 1,54
\nPelecanus crispus 14 (58,3 %) 507 2 99 36,2 +\/- 10,1 0,77
\nBotaurus stellaris 3 (12,5 %) 4 1 2 1,3 +\/- 0,3 1,73
\nNycticorax nycticorax 1 (4,2 %) 95 95 95 – –
\nArdeola ralloides 1 (4,2 %) 2 2 2 – –
\nEgretta garzetta 24 (100 %) 2892 2 457 120,5 +\/- 20,4 1,79
\nEgretta alba 21 (87,5 %) 1787 1 501 85,1 +\/- 28,9 2,36
\nArdea cinerea 24 (100 %) 1800 1 269 75,0 +\/- 13,5 1,21
\nArdea purpurea 3 (12,5 %) 4 1 2 1,3 +\/- 0,3 1,73
\nCiconia nigra 1 (4,2 %) 3 3 3 – –
\nCiconia ciconia 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nPlegadis falcinellus 4 (16,7 %) 16 2 7 4,0 +\/- 1,1 1,19
\nPlatalea leucorodia 19 (79,2 %) 744 5 112 39,2 +\/- 7,8 0,81
\nPhoenicopterus r. roseus 4 (16,7 %) 15 1 7 3,8 +\/- 1,3 0,56
\nCygnus olor 2 (8,3 %) 13 4 9 6,5 +\/- 2,5 –
\nAnser albifrons 2 (8,3 %) 20 4 16 10,0 +\/- 6,0 –
\nAnser erythropus 1 (4,2 %) 3 3 3 – –
\nTadorna tadorna 21 (87,5 %) 987 1 620 47,0 +\/- 28,9 4,46
\nAnas penelope 18 (75,0 %) 8309 6 1671 461,6 +\/- 113,8 1,18
\nAnas strepera 8 (33,3 %) 224 2 107 28,0 +\/- 14,3 1,52
\nAnas crecca 10 (41,7 %) 5260 4 3460 526,0 +\/- 342,0 2,71
\nAnas platyrhynchos 12 (50,0 %) 624 1 506 52,0 +\/- 41,4 3,43
\nAnas acuta 20 (83,3 %) 5782 1 793 289,1 +\/- 52,4 0,28
\nAnas querquedula 7 (29,2 %) 8391 3 8279 1198,7 +\/- 1180,1 2,65
\nAnas clypeata 18 (75,0 %) 2262 2 1158 125,7 +\/- 64,7 3,54
\nAythya ferina 3 (12,5 %) 339 1 330 113,0 +\/- 108,5 1,73
\nAythya fuligula 1 (4,2 %) 18 18 18 – –
\nPernis apivorus 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nCircaetus gallicus 2 (8,3 %) 2 1 1 1,0 +\/- 0,0 –
\nCircus aeruginosus 18 (75,0 %) 44 1 8 2,4 +\/- 0,4 2,20
\nCircus cyaneus 9 (37,5 %) 28 1 6 3,1 +\/- 0,6 0,31
\nCircus macrourus 2 (8,3 %) 2 1 1 1,0 +\/- 0,0 –
\nCircus pygargus 3 (12,5 %) 8 1 5 2,7 +\/- 1,2 1,29
\nAccipiter gentilis 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nAccipiter nisus 10 (41,7 %) 27 1 6 2,7 +\/- 0,6 0,66
\nAccipiter brevipes 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nButeo buteo 15 (62,5 %) 61 1 11 4,1 +\/- 0,84 0,88
\nAquila clanga 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nPandion haliaetus 2 (8,3 %) 8 2 6 4,0 +\/- 2,0 –
\nFalco tinnunculus 5 (20,8 %) 5 1 1 1,0 +\/- 0,0 –
\nFalco vespertinus 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nFalco columbarius 6 (25,0 %) 7 1 2 1,2 +\/- 1,7 2,45
\nFalco subbuteo 2 (8,3 %) 3 1 2 1,5 +\/- 0,5 –
\n84
\nSpecies Presence Total Min. Max. x \u2013 +\/- SE Excess
\nFalco biarmicus 2 (8,3 %) 2 1 1 1,0 +\/- 0,0 –
\nRallus aquaticus 15 (62,5 %) 82 1 13 5,8 +\/- 0,8 0,64
\nPorzana porzana 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nGallinula chloropus 13 (54,2 %) 40 1 14 3,1 +\/- 1,0 2,70
\nFulica atra 4 (16,7 %) 649 1 601 162,3 +\/- 146,6 1,98
\nHaematopus ostralegus 7 (29,2 %) 15 1 5 2,1 +\/- 0,6 1,45
\nHimantopus himantopus 14 (58,3 %) 1847 1 270 131,9 +\/- 30,0 -0,01
\nRecurvirostra avosetta 8 (33,3 %) 125 1 101 15,6 +\/- 12,2 2,80
\nBurhinus oedicnemus 13 (54,2 %) 204 1 82 15,7 +\/- 5,8 3,12
\nGlareola pratincola 8 (33,3 %) 568 1 225 71,0 +\/- 33,9 1,19
\nCharadrius dubius 14 (58,3 %) 514 2 201 36,7 +\/- 14,1 2,62
\nCharadrius hiaticula 13 (54,2 %) 213 1 58 16,4 +\/- 5,5 1,38
\nCharadrius alexandrinus 23 (95,8 %) 4115 25 472 178,9 +\/- 24,7 0,87
\nEudromias morinellus 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nPluvialis apricaria 11 (45,8 %) 2040 1 514 185,6 +\/- 63,4 0,64
\nPluvialis squatarola 23 (95,8 %) 5034 4 481 218,9 +\/- 28,1 0,13
\nVanellus vanellus 15 (62,5 %) 9304 1 3186 620,3 +\/- 241,7 1,83
\nCalidris canutus 10 (41,7 %) 70 1 21 7,0 +\/- 1,7 2,06
\nCalidris alba 7 (29,2 %) 50 2 26 7,1 +\/- 3,2 2,49
\nCalidris minuta 21 (87,5 %) 4644 10 950 221,1 +\/- 50,9 1,64
\nCalidris temminckii 5 (20,8 %) 56 1 51 11,2 +\/- 10,0 2,23
\nCalidris ferruginea 5 (20,8 %) 666 2 363 113,2 +\/- 71,8 0,90
\nCalidris alpina 21 (87,5 %) 94.217 1 10.503 4486,5 +\/- 732,9 0,15
\nPhilomachus pugnax 17 (70,8 %) 6589 1 2618 387,6 +\/- 183,9 2,38
\nLymnocryptes minimus 2 (8,3 %) 2 1 1 1,0 +\/- 0,0 –
\nGallinago gallinago 19 (79,2 %) 8121 1 2445 427,4 +\/- 159,7 2,07
\nLimosa limosa 14 (58,3 %) 3867 1 3423 276,2 +\/- 242,6 3,71
\nLimosa lapponica 3 (12,5 %) 3 1 1 1,0 +\/- 0,0 –
\nNumenius phaeopus 6 (25,0 %) 111 1 105 18,5 +\/- 17,3 2,45
\nNumenius tenuirostris 1 (4,2 %) 1 1 1 – –
\nNumenius arquata 22 (91,7 %) 393 1 75 17,9 +\/- 4,0 1,53
\nTringa erythropus 23 (95,8 %) 10.477 11 2249 455,5 +\/- 118,4 2,07
\nTringa totanus 24 (100 %) 23.850 8 1988 993,8 +\/- 131,8 -0,38
\nTringa stagnatilis 18 (75,0 %) 467 1 138 25,9 +\/- 8,0 2,38
\nTringa nebularia 24 (100 %) 1055 1 113 44,0 +\/- 6,5 0,54
\nTringa ochropus 19 (79,2 %) 240 1 113 12,6 +\/- 5,8 3,91
\nTringa glareola 8 (33,3 %) 654 1 486 81,8 +\/- 59,4 2,55
\nActitis hypoleucos 10 (41,7 %) 83 1 51 8,3 +\/- 4,8 3,02
\nArenaria interpres 2 (8,3 %) 3 1 2 1,5 +\/- 0,5 –
\nLarus melanocephalus 5 (20,8 %) 13 1 5 2,6 +\/- 0,7 1,12
\nLarus minutus 4 (16,7 %) 41 1 32 10,3 +\/- 7,3 1,93
\nLarus ridibundus 20 (83,3 %) 11.454 3 1673 572,7 +\/- 117,8 0,84
\nLarus genei 1 (4,2 %) 8 8 8 – –
\nLarus fuscus 4 (16,7 %) 4 1 1 1,0 +\/- 0,0 –
\nLarus michahellis 24 (100 %) 3275 23 495 136,5 +\/-21,9 1,95
\nSterna caspia 8 (33,3 %) 45 1 17 5,6 +\/- 1,8 1,73
\nSterna hirundo 7 (29,2 %) 262 7 144 37,4 +\/- 18,3 2,37
\nSterna albifrons 6 (25,0 %) 1004 15 391 167,3 +\/- 60,1 0,74
\nChlidonias hybridus 2 (8,3 %) 9 4 5 4,5 +\/- 0,5 –
\nChlidonias niger 5 (20,8 %) 7 1 2 1,4 +\/- 0,3 0,61
\nChlidonias leucopterus 2 (8,3 %) 48 5 43 24,0 +\/- 19,0 –
\nAlcedo atthis 15 (62,5 %) 254 1 71 16,9 +\/- 5,1 1,53
\nTotal 240.356 1453 32.336 10.014,8 +\/- 1528,6 1,10
\nst
\nand the basin called \u201cMeadow\u201d; centre Jezero 2, dry mudflats in Zoganjski 1 & 2, and in smaller
\nbasins of the 2nd evaporation grade; in the far back (left) Porta Milena channel and Velika Pla\u017ea
\n(Photo: M. Schneider-Jacoby).
\nPlate 2: Small, almost rectangular crystallisation basins characterize the pans of the highest
\nevaporation grade. 19 June 2008, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: T. Petras-Sackl).
\nPlate 1: Aerial view of the Solana Ulcinj. In the foreground basins of the 1 evaporation grade
\nPlate 3: Distribution of breeding colonies and main feeding areas of cormorants, herons and
\nibises in the Bojana-Buna Delta, April \u2013 June 2003.
\nPlate 4: Distribution of wintering waterbirds in the Bojana-Buna Delta, January 2004.
\nPlate 6: Breeding distribution of waders, gulls and terns in the Solana Ulcinj, June 2003.
\nPlate 5: Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) nesting in the Solana\u2019s inner canal. 18
\nJune 2007, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: P. Sackl).
\nPlate 8: Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus). 26 September 2006, Solana Ulcinj
\n(Photo: M. Tiefenbach).
\nPlate 7: Dalmatian Pelicans (Pelecanus crispus) pass the Solana\u2019s central observation tower. 3
\nNovember 2006, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: T. Petras-Sackl).
\nPlate 10: The remnants of former levees in basin no. 32 are important nesting habitats for terns,
\nPied Avocet and other waders. 19 June 2003, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: B. Stumberger).
\nPlate 9: Little Terns (Sterna albifrons) nesting on recently constructed breeding islet in
\nevaporation III. 17 June 2008, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: P. Sackl).
\nPlate 12: Collared Pratincole (Glareola pratincola). 19 June 2008, Zoganjski 1, Solana Ulcinj
\n(Photo: P. Sackl).
\nPlate 11: Extensive stands of Salicornia herbacea characterize both Zoganjski basins. 26
\nSeptember 2006, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: M. Tiefenbach).
\nPlate 14: Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) wing-drying after foraging in the Solana\u2019s
\ninner main canal. 3 November 2006, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: P. Sackl).
\nPlate13: During winter the inner canals, here between evaporation II und Zoganjski 2, are
\nimportant feeding habitats for cormorants and herons. 19 March 2003, Solana Ulcinj (Photo: B.
\nStumberger).<\/p>\n